四种主栽切花菊品种的养分吸收特征

Nutrient requirement characteristics of four cut-chrysanthemum cultivars

【目的】为明确不同切花菊品种的养分需求特性,本研究选取4种引进主栽品种对其养分需求特性进行比较,以期为设施切花菊科学施肥提供理论依据和指导。【方法】采用切花菊品种蒙娜丽莎白、乒乓白、罗马红和丹特紫为材料,在云南富民丰岛花卉设施大棚中进行田间试验。于菊花移栽后15 d(根生长期)、30 d(茎生长期)、45 d(花芽分化期)、60 d(现蕾期)和80 d(收获期)进行采样,测定植株干重及氮磷钾含量,于收获期测定观赏性状。【结果】四种切花菊品种干物质累积和养分吸收存在显著差异。罗马红和丹特紫的地上部干物质累积平均为634.63 g/m^2,显著高于其他2个品种;丹特紫的地下部干物质累积量和鲜重显著高于其他3个品种,分别为50.5 g/m^2、67.10 g/plant;乒乓白地下部干物质累积量相对较低,为丹特紫的61.9%,鲜重以蒙娜丽莎白相对较低,为47.32 g/plant。蒙娜丽莎白和罗马红氮、钾累积量均显著高于乒乓白和丹特紫。罗马红磷累积量显著高于蒙娜丽莎白和丹特紫,而乒乓白磷累积量略低于罗马红,差异不显著。四个菊花品种的N、P_2O_5、K2O阶段累积速率最快的时期均出现在30~45 d(茎生长期~花芽分化期)和45~60 d(花芽分化期~现蕾期),养分需求量平均为N 4.40 g/m^2、P_2O_5 2.08 g/m^2、K_2O 7.35 g/m^2和N 4.53 g/m^2、P_2O_5 1.35 g/m^2、K_2O 3.62 g/m^2;在80 d(收获期),养分需求量平均为N 2.84 g/m^2、P_2O_5 0.69 g/m^2、K_2O 1.31 g/m^2,分别占总需求量的19.4%、13.5%、7.8%。【结论】不同品种切花菊氮磷钾的吸收、累积和分配存在着显著性差异,4个主栽切花菊品种养分需求量以罗马红最高,乒乓白最低。蒙娜丽莎白和罗马红氮、钾累积量均显著高于乒乓白和丹特紫。罗马红磷累积量显著高于蒙娜丽莎白和丹特紫,而乒乓白与罗马红的磷素累积量差异不显著。对于切花菊罗马红,尤其应重视花芽分化期的养分供应。

[ Objectives ] This study compared the characteristics of NPK nutrition uptake, accumulation and distribution of four cultivars of cut-chrysanthemum under regularly fertilizing during different growth stages in field experiment to provide scientific theory of nutrition uptake and practical instruction of fertilization. [ Methods ] Four cut-chrysanthemum cultivars of Monalisa white, Pingpang white, Roma red and Dante purple were chosen as the experimental materials, a field experiment was conducted in greenhouse located in Fumin County, Kunming. The dry weight, the contents of N, P and K in different organs were analyzed after the seedlings were transplanted 15 d （root growth stage）, 30 d （stem growth stage）, 45 d （flower bud differentiation stage）, 60 d （squaring stage）, and 80 d （harvest stage）, and the ornamental traits in the harvest period were measured. [ Results ] The accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nutrients varied significantly among the cultivars. The shoot dry matter accumulation in Dante purple and Roma red was averaged 634.63 g/m^2, which was significantly higher than those in the other two varieties. The root dry matter accumulation and fresh weight of Dante purple were 50.5 g/m^2 and 67.10 g/plant, which were significantly higher than those in the other cultivars.The root dry matter in Pingpang white was only 61.9% of that in Dante purple, the fresh weight of Monalisa white was 47.32 g/plant, significantly lower than the other varieties. The N and K accumulation in Monalisa white and Roma red were significantly higher than in Pingpang white and Dante purple. The P accumulation in Roma red was significantly higher than those in Monalisa white and Dante purple, while the P accumulation of Pingpang white was similar to Roma red. The rapidest N, Pand K absorption and accumulation appeared in the 30-45 days and 45-60 days after transplanting, the demand for N, P and K were 4.40, 2.08 and 7.35 g/m^2 during the 30-45 days and 4.53, 1.35 and 3.62 g/m^2 during the 45-60 days, and 2.84, 0.69 and 1.31 g/m^2 after 80 days （harvest stage）. [ Conclusions ] Different cultivars of chrysanthemum are significantly different in NPK absorption, accumulation and distribution, and the highest nutrient requirement is in cultivar Rome red and the least in Pingpang white. The cultivars of Monalisa white and Roma red require significantly higher N and K accumulation than the Pingpang white and Dante purple. P accumulation of Rome red is significantly higher than Monalisa white and Dante purple, while that of Pingpang white is slightly lower than Rome red. For Roma red, special attention should be paid to the nutrient supply during flower bud differentiation stage.