汉语中表隐性否定的祈使性构式“NP+少+X”

"NP + 少 + X"-The imperative construction form of the implied negation in Chinese

根据否定表达结构中否定标记的明显性程度,我们将否定性质的标记词分为:显性否定标记词和隐性否定标记词,显性否定标记词包括"不""否""没"等,典型的隐性否定标记词如"少""差点"等。"NP+少+X"中"少"的词性为副词,表"别、不要",在句中修饰谓语成分,作状语。否定表达构式"NP+少+X"在语法结构上具有扩展性,其否定意义产生的语义机制为:在说话人主观性意愿的强制作用下,由数量上大小或趋向性的肯定转向对行为动作或状态的期待,随着主观性色彩加强,话语表达的期待受到限制就产生了否定语义。"NP+少+X"构式的否定辖域为话语所指对象关涉的动作趋向或行为状态,即施为地域、状态、途径、指向、结果、共知语境下某种现状和事实;其否定焦点为说话人对话语对象某种行为动作或状态所具有的主观性、贬抑性的规劝和责备。

According to the obvious degree of negation marker of negation structure, we divide the marker into Explicit - Negation Marker and Implicit - Negation Marker, explicit negation markers include ＂不＂ ＂否＂ ＂没＂ , typical recessive negative markers are ＂少＂＂差点＂ , etc. The part of speech of ＂少＂ in ＂NP ＋少 ＋ X＂ is an adverb, meaning ＂dont, cannot＂, modifying the predicate in the sen- tence as adverbial. The negative expression ＂NP ＋ 少 ＋ X＂ has extended the grammatical structure; its semantic mechanism of negative meaning is ： under the mandatory function of speaker＇s subjective will, the affirmation expressing the number or tendency turns to the expectation for action or state, and with the strengthening of the subjective color, the expectation for discourse expression is limited, thus resulting in negative meaning. The negative scope of the construction is the action tendency or behavior related to the state object, which is applied to domain, state, way, direction, result, known situation and fact context; its negative focus is on subjectivity, derogatory persuasion and blame of speaker on the action or state of the object.