从夏平的科学实践观看科学教学的实践转向

On the Practice Turn in Science Teaching from Shaping's View of Scientific Practice

实证主义科学观认为,科学是对自然存在的客观反映,科学知识与社会因素无涉。英国学者史蒂文·夏平(Steven Shapin)对实证主义科学观进行了独树一帜的批判,他运用历史主义方法和SSK学派的对称性原则,考察了科学知识制造的条件、主体、过程,揭示了科学知识生产的社会性质与实践特征。夏平的科学实践观对科学教学的启示为:开展多样化的科学实践活动,建立科学实践共同体,重视科学知识的社会建构。科学课程教学面临从科学探究走向科学实践的重任。

According to the positivism view, science is an objective reflection of the natural existence, and scientific knowledge is irrelevant to social factors. Steven Shapin, a British scientific and intellectual sociologist, criticized the positivism view of science. Adopting a historical method and the symmetry principle of the SSK School, he investigated the conditions, subjects and process of producing scientific knowledge, and revealed the social nature and practice characteristics of scientific knowledge production. The implications of Steven Shapin＇s practical view of science for science teaching are as follows： carrying out a variety of scientific practice activities, establishing the community of scientific practice and attaching importance to the social construction of scientific knowledge. The science teaching should fulfil the mission of transforming from scientific exploration to scientific practice.