洪山信仰与明清时期中原药材市场的变迁

Hongshan Belief and Medicine Market Changes in the Central Regions of China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

洪山真人原是一位仁慈及于牛马的孤苦农夫,殁后被乡亲们奉为牛马牲畜的保护神。明代中期洪山庙已经遍及中原各地,香火旺盛,其祖庭密县洪山庙庙会也因此成为一处大型的药材交易市场,是同期沿太行山、伏牛山东麓南北分布的众多药材市场中最为繁荣的药市之一。然而,当乾隆初期洪山庙药市臻于鼎盛之时,却被禹州取而代之。禹州迅速成为一个全国性的大型药材集散地,密县洪山庙药市却趋于衰落。两地药市的消长变化与洪山信仰相互交织,显示出专业市场的独特性,非施坚雅市场理论所能概括。此个案研究也对许檀市场层级理论的进一步完善提出了建议。

Hongshan Zhenren, an alone and poor farmer who was good to cattle when he was alive, was worshiped as patron saint of cattle after he died. It was in the middle Ming Dynasty that a great deal of prosperous Hongshan temples were built throughout central regions of China, so a medicine market came into being at Hongshan temple in Mixian,which was larger than the medicine markets located along eastern foot of Taihang and Funiu mountain. However,the medicine market in the Hongshan temple of Mixian was replaced when it was peaking in the early years of the Qianlong emperor of Qing Dynasty. Yuzhou became a national medicine market swiftly, conversely, Hongshan temple medicine market declined gradually. The competitive relation-ship between the medicine markets was intertwined with the belief on Hongshan. This phenomenon show the uniqueness of pro-fessional markets which couldn,t be explained by Skinner, s market theories. Meanwhile, this case show that the level market theory,which raised by Xu Tan,could be further improved.