晚清女子演说与“新女界”建构的身份认同

Women's Speech Movement in Late Qing Dynasty and the Construction of New Women Identity

1905年对美争约风潮中的女子演说运动,加入了建构晚清女性的性别群体新认同的进程之中:应时事而起的晚清女性演说运动,其语言学习和挪用了其时的政论修辞及概念,女性通过演说议政,建构了自我的国民身份;借抵御外侮的运动,女性以演说为结成团体的动员,以国民团体一员的身份加入新的公共社会之中。由此,晚清女性构建了其家族亲缘外的新的身份认同:议政的女国民团体之一员。追溯女性以演说形式发声的因由,可发现晚清新学中的女学堂教育提供了条件:女学以演说训练为其教育体系的重要部分之一,设计了完整的演说课程以及提供校园作为训练空间。此时的女子演说走出闺门的限度到校园、讲堂、私宅的封闭空间内面对同性呼告为止,为五四后辈们走上街头的呼告做了准备。不过,通过文字、图像史料发现,隔绝异性的活动使男性只能臆想女子演说的情貌,女性相对于男性更多情善感的刻板印象,也因此加入对"新女界"面貌的建构之中。

The Women＇s speech movement in the 1905 boycott against American goods was part of the whole process of building the new identity of women in the late Qing Dynasty.The speech movement contributed to the formation of female groups.By giving political speeches,women constructed their new citizenship and joined the public society to pursue their new identity out of their family affinity.In the new style schools for females in the late Qing Dynasty,speech training was an important part of their education system,and the female students could take the complete speech course on campus,therefore,they would choose the speech form to express opinions.However,the female speech movement was confined to a closed space such as campus or a private house and the speech audience was limited to the same sex,while they paved the way for their following generation to take to the street in May forth movement.Men could only imagine the women speech by reinforcing the stereotype that women are more sentimental than men.This stereotyped image also contributed to the construction of the female identity in late Qing Dynasty.