基于混合生命周期方法的私人电动汽车温室气体排放研究

Research on greenhouse gas emission of private electric vehicle based on HLCA

近年来,电动汽车因其在行驶过程中无任何尾气排放,被各国政府视为推动交通部门清洁、低碳发展的重要途径,主要发达国家纷纷推出了各自的电动汽车发展战略。但是,由于电力属于二次能源,其上游电力生产阶段的能源消费是否清洁将对电动汽车的减排效果产生重要影响。考虑到目前中国绝大部分电力源于煤炭,电动汽车是否真正有益于减排还有待进一步验证。目前一些专家和学者基于传统的过程生命周期评价方法对电动汽车的能源消费、温室气体排放做了一些研究,但研究结果差异较大。为了对电动汽车的减排效果进行更精确的研究,本文采用混合生命周期方法对电动汽车的能源消费、温室气体排放进行了计算。同时,在考虑电动汽车的燃料生命周期、车辆制造生命周期的基础上,将相关配套充电设施建设生命周期纳入到电动汽车的全生命周期系统边界内,以使对电动汽车全生命周期的研究结果更加完整、精确。研究结果显示,纯电动汽车并非是"零排放"的,在燃料周期,虽然纯电动汽车的单位里程能源消费强度较小,约为传统汽油车的94.6%,但以煤为主的高碳电力结构导致目前纯电动汽车燃料周期的单位里程温室气体排放强度约为传统汽油车的1.12倍;车辆周期内,纯电动汽车的能源消费和温室气体排放量也略高于传统汽油车;此外,配套充电设施的建设也将增加纯电动汽车全生命周期的能源消费和温室气体排放量。综合燃料、车辆及充电设备的全生命周期,在当前的电源结构及技术条件下,电动汽车虽然具有较高的能源效率和较好的石油替代效果,但其全生命周期内的煤炭消费较高,导致其温室气体排放量高于传统汽油车,在当前的情况下大规模发展电动汽车并不利于温室气体减排。

In recent years, Developing electric vehicle is an important way to promote the low carbon development of trafficdepartment,because of electric vehicle has no tail gas emission. Many developed countries have launched their electric vehicledevelopment strategy. However, due to the electric power is the secondary energy source, the emission reduction effect of electricvehicle is depend on the energy consumption of upstream production process of electric power. Because of coal is the major energy in China ’ s electric power structure,the emission reduction effect of electric vehicle in China must be calculated by the Life Cycle Assessment method. At present, some experts and scholars have done some research on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission of electric vehicle based on the Process-based Life Cycle Assessment,but there were many differences between these results.and greenhouse gas emission of electric vehicles based on theHybrid Life Cycle Assessment method. At thesametime,the life cycleassessmentof charging equipments also considered in this paper. The calculation results show that,the pure electric vehicle is not‘ zero emissions’ . In the fuel cycle, although the pure electric vehicle ’ senergy consumption intensity pegasoline internal combustion engine vehicle ’ s 94. 6[ ,but Chinese electric structure which based on coal decided the pure electric vehicle0 s greenhouse gas emission is about 1. 12 times larger than gasoline internal combustion engine vehicle. In vehicle cycle,the pure electric vehicle ’ s energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions is also higher thavehicle. In addition,the construction of charging equipment will increase the energy consuelectric vehicle. In the all fuel,vehicle and charging equipment life cycle, although the electric vehicle has more higher energy efficiency and better oil substitution effect,but it ’ s greenhouse gas emissions is more higher than the gasoline internal combustion engine vehicle. So in the current situation,large-scale development of electric vehicles is notCOnducive to reducing greenhouse gasemissions in China.