先秦汉语提宾助词的使用特点——基于《左传》《国语》的比较

Features of Object-preposing Auxiliary Words in the pre-Qin Chinese:A Case Study of Zuozhuan and Guoyu

古汉语中有一类结构助词的语法功能是提取宾语,使宾语前置于动词,可称为"提宾助词"。《左传》《国语》是上古汉语代表性文献,分析并比较这两部文献中提宾助词的用法和特点,发现提宾助词在两书中的使用没有实质差异,表明提宾助词在先秦汉语中的使用有较为严整的规律。在使用提宾助词的前置结构中,前置的宾语形式灵活、富于变化;动词一般是简单动词,少有复杂形式;提宾助词在使用中趋向凝固化和习惯化。

The grammatical function of ＂object-preposing structural particles＂ in ancient Chinese is to make an object come before the verb.Zuozhuan （the Commentary of Zuo） and Guoyu （the Discourses of the States） are two representative documents of early ancient Chinese.By analyzing the usage of ＂object-extraction structural particles＂ in both books,the author finds that the verbs in such situation are usually simplex verbs,with flexible and changeable prepositional objects and few complex use of verbs.Accordingly,the usage of structural particles tend to be fixated and habitualized.The analysis also concludes that the two classic books have no substantive difference in their usage of object-extraction structural particles as well as the usage features.And this is quite common in ancient Chinese in pre-Qin period.