不在场的记忆——遗忘的出场学视域分析

The Memory Without Presence-An Analysis on “Forgetting” from the Perspective of the Appearance Theory

与记忆显而易见的"善"不同,遗忘常被视为要积极克服的"恶"。事实上,遗忘本就是记忆,是在特定情形下记忆的退场,是不在场的记忆。这种退场既有自然衰退的原因,更是社会建构的结果,从其价值属性上来说也并非一味的"恶"。根据遗忘不同的发生机制和价值属性,记忆的退场方式即遗忘的生成可分为两类:一是被动式遗忘或自然性遗忘;二是主动式遗忘或建构性遗忘,其中又包括建设性遗忘、压制性遗忘、自我保护性遗忘和保存性遗忘四种类型。主动式遗忘或说建构性遗忘是主要的遗忘方式,对社会的影响也更为深远。退场的记忆能否再出场以及如何再出场,受制于社会的需要与权力的制衡,处在未决的状态,而网络媒介时代记忆文化规则的改变和颠覆让遗忘的命运又多了一层不确定性。

Memory is usually endowed with the virtue of goodness while forgetting is constantly considered to be a bad thing. As a matter of a fact, what has been ＂forgotten＂ is an alternative memory that does not show its appearance. This absence, which is not always a bad thing, may be caused by natural decay, but is more importantly the result of social construction. Based on its different occurrence mechanism and value attributes, the absence of memory or the occurrence of forgetting can be categorized into two types ： passive or natural forgetting; active or constructive forgetting, which specifically includes positive forgetting, repressive forgetting, self- protective forgetting and conservatory forgetting. Active forgetting is the major form of forgetting of human beings and has a much more far- reaching impact on society. When and how the absent memory will show its appearance is subject to social needs and power balance. Therefore, it is always pending and the changes and subversions of the rule of memory in the Internet era add more uncertainties to the destiny of ＂forgetting＂.