物权编如何设计抵押权顺位规则

On the Order of Mortgage in the Book of Property of the Civil Code

抵押权的顺位及其权利系相对独立的民事权益,可以转让、放弃、变更,且在损害赔偿场合有助于计算不法行为给抵押权人造成损失的数额,但不可脱离抵押权而孤立地存在,也不会在抵押权消失时仍然存续。抵押登记是确定抵押权顺位的首要标准,但在不以登记为生效要件的动产抵押权、浮动抵押权场合,各个抵押权的顺位相同,除非其中有的办理了抵押登记。在我国现行法上,抵押权的预告登记不是确定抵押权顺位的根据,开始编纂的中国民法典应当承继这种理念。我国现行法采取抵押权的顺位升进主义,实务运作也熟悉于此,编纂民法典时应予承继,顺理成章。抵押权及其顺位权为非专属性的财产权,故未来的中国民法典承认抵押权顺位的转让,不存在法理上的障碍。我国现行法认可了抵押权顺位的绝对放弃,这与抵押权的顺位升进主义相一致,未来的中国民法典可以承继。我国现行法承认抵押权顺位的变更,但不完善,编纂中国民法典应当克服这个缺点。

The right based on the order of mortgage is relatively independent civil right that can be transferred, abandoned and changed. In the event of damages, the mortgage order is help- ful to calculate the amount of compensation wrongdoing to the mortgage. The mortgage order how- evercould not isolate from the mortgage and will not survive if the mortgage does not exist. Mort- gage registration is the primary criterion for determining the order of mortgage, but in the case of movable mortgage, floating mortgage, where registration is not discerned clearly, mortgages are deemed as in the same order, unless some of them are subject to mortgage registration. In China current law, the advance notice registration of mortgage is not the basis for determining the or- der of the mortgage, the Chinese Civil Code which is under compiling should accept the rule. The lexlata of Chinese law takes ascending method to the mortgage order and it is applied in practice, so the lex ferenda of Chinese Civil Code should follow it further. Mortgage and the order of mort- gage are non - exclusive property rights, so the transfer of mortgage order should be recognized in the future Chinese Civil Code. China^s current law recognizes the absolute abandonment of the mortgage order, which is consistent with the ascension method to the mortgage order. Although China＇s current law recognizes the change of mortgage order, it has some room to improve.