汉初政教互动中的儒家特质辨析

Confucian Characteristics in Interaction of Politics and Confucianism in Early Han Dynasty

诏书是国家层面政教互动的重要体现。汉初诏书中多有与儒家教化相关的内容。一些学者认为这是儒家思想在政治实践中的初步落实。儒家思想在汉初思想界和黄老思想并行传播,但是不能说它在政治层面得到落实。诏书中体现的儒家特色,与其说是统治者受儒家影响,不如说是黄老思想和儒家思想所共享的母题,是黄老和儒家共同提倡的内容。从汉初的诏书中可以看出,统治者的自我定位与儒家"内圣外王"的定位偏差较大;富民但不教民,认为民富有助于守法而非教化;慎刑只是将法律放宽,依然以法为主。这些表现正是以刑名法令为基础,归本于自然无为的黄老思想的体现。但是由于这些共享的母题,汉初在实践黄老思想的同时也为儒家思想的落实做了铺垫,为复古更化创造了可能。

The imperial edict is an important manifestation of interaction between politics and Confucianism at national level. The edicts in early Han Dynasty contained much content relevant to Confucianism, such as enriching people, discreet penalty and filial piety. Some scholars believe that this is the implementation of Confucianism in political practice at initial stage. Confucianism spread in parallel with Huang-Lao thoughts in early Han Dynasty,but it was no implemented at political level. Confucian characteristics embodied in imperial edicts are not so much the influence of Confucianism to rulers as the theme shared by Huang-Lao thoughts and Confucianism. From the imperial edicts in early Han Dynasty, we can see that the rulers＇ self-orientation deviated far the Confucians ideal of ＂being saintly within and kingliness without＂ ： they enriched the people but not cultivated them, believing that people-enriching contributes to law-abiding rather than cultivation; they still took the rule of law as the principle although pay attention to discreet penalty. These ideas represent Huang-Lao thoughts which are based on law and punishment and attributed to Huang-Lao＇s thought of ＂being natural and doing nothing＂. However, due to these shared motifs, early Han Dynasty put Huang-Lao thoughts into practice, and at the same time paved way for implementation of Confucianism, which created possibility for revivalism and regeneration.