明清民间法律规则考析——以“书约”为例

On the Nongovernmental Laws and Regulations of Ming and Qing Dynasties:From the Perspective of the Shuyue

传统社会有耕读传家的传统和敬惜字纸的风俗,这两点恰好使爱书、护书成为众多家法族规、乡规民约的必书条款。明清时期藏书业发达,涉及藏书和书籍流通的家法族规、行业规约大量出现,并形成"书约"这种现象。一些以藏书为业的个人、家族逐渐将家法族规、乡规民约关于爱书、护书的一般义务规定提升为单独和专业性的善藏、善守之约,在藏书业界也出现书籍收藏、流通等方面的合约规定。"书约"的出现,丰富了民间法律规则的形式和内涵,是考察民间"公""私"观念的独特视角。在近代私权观念传播大环境下,众多私人封闭式藏书楼却纷纷向现代公共图书馆转型。"书约"开始退出民间法律规则体系,被更具开放性、公益性、现代性的图书章程制度取代,当中的"化私为公",也是民间法律规则向现代转型的一个缩影。

Traditional society has the culture of cultivation and reading,and the habit of cherishing paper.A lot of family laws have provisions in this regard. Collection of books in Ming and Qing Dynasties is very popular,which help Shuyue appear in large numbers. The library began to develop a special library management system,and the industry of collection circle also appeared in the relevant provisions. Shuyue enriched the form and connotation of civil law rules,which help us understand the concept of public rights and private rights.Since modern times,the concept of private rights is widely spread,many modern libraries are beginning to appear. Library regulations began to replace Shuyue. This is a microcosm of the civil law system to modern transformation.