何种民主?民主伦理何为?——民主政治的现代悖论及其伦理出路

What Kind of Democracy? What Does Democratic Ethics Do——The Modern Paradox of Democratic Politics and Its Ethical Outlet

现代民主政治的应许与公民对"好生活"期待之间的悖反,成为现代民主困境的根本所在。其哲学根据在于民主的"伦理性"与"世界性"分离,无论是自由民主的自然伦理还是共同意志的国家伦理,都无法实现在生活世界中本真性与规范性要求的统一。民主伦理,主张追问"好生活"需要一种讲民主的实践智慧。一方面,讲民主成为"好生活"的经验前提,分执于个体和共同体两端的民主哲学,无法解决多元化价值要求与统一的共同生活之间的紧张关系,政治世界中需要重新确立一阶民主、二阶伦理的价值秩序,这表现为"第三种"民主模式。另一方面,好生活是在生活世界"讲民主"实践中才得以塑成,这表现为超越单一个体权利、单纯政治领域的民主主体重塑,在不同社会领域中呈现非同质化、动态性的差异要求,从而作用于社会秩序历史转型上的规范性重构功能。

The contradiction between the promises of modern democracy and the citizens＇ expectation of good life has become the root of the dilemma of modern democracy. It＇s philosophical basis lies in the separation of ＂the ethics＇and ＂the cosmopolitan＂ of democracy. And it is impossible to achieve the unity of authenticity and normalization in the living world whether it is the natural ethics of liberal democracy or the national ethics of common will. Democratic ethics advocates ＂a good life＂ requires the practical wisdom of democracy. On the one hand, speaking democracy has become an empirical prereq- uisite for＂a good life＂. Democratic philosophy, which is divided into two ends of individual and commu- nity, cannot solve the tension between diversified value demands and unified common life. So the polit- ical world needs to re-establish a value order of first-order democracy and second-order ethics. This is manifested as ＂third kinds of democratic models＂.On the other hand, good life is shaped by the practice of ＂speaking democracy＂ in the world of living. This shows that the Democratic subject is reshaped be- yond the single individual rights and purely political fields, and this presents the non-homogeneity and dynamic requirements. Thus, it can act as a normative reconstruction function on the historical transfor- mation of social order.