论经验法则在司法裁判中的运行——基于认知科学的实证研究

On the Mechanism,Deviation and Control of the Law of Experience in Judicial Adjudication

经验法则,是指依据经验归纳出的,关于事物属性及事物间常态联系的知识。在纷繁复杂的案件审判中,大量的证据材料、线索或主张会不断的出现,法官难以对所有的信息进行全面理性的分析与裁断。此时,就需要借助认知图式来对某些信息做出直觉式的快速判断,并引导进一步的调查,包括启发推理与类比推理。法官在司法裁判中基于经验法则的运用所可能产生的认知偏差,不仅体现在基于主客观原因所导致的认知图式的错误"套用",也体现在基于法官职业所形成的认知图式的偏滑。在认知科学方面,法官应该接受一些基本的思维训练。在法律控制方面,则应该完善法官选任制度、保障法官充分接受原始证据,探索分段式审理。

The rule of thumb refers to the knowledge about the attributes of things and the normal relationship between things based on experience. In those complex case trials,lots of different evidence,clues or claims will continue to appear,thus it is difficult for the judge to conduct a comprehensive rational analysis. This is when the cognitive schemas can be used to make intuitive quick judgments about the discovery and decision of some certain information,and then lead to further investigation,including enlightening reasoning and analogical reasoning.The possible cognitive bias could be caused not only by the ＂ misapplication＂ of the cognitive schema due to subjective and objective reasons,but also by the dislocation of the cognitive schema due to the job occupation of the judge. In terms of cognitive science,the Judge should receive some basic thinking training. While in the area of legal control,the system of Judges＇ selection should be improved,the original evidence fully accepted by the Judge should be ensured and the mode of staged trail should be explored.