凉山彝族的家支与德古的结构与功能

Structure and Function of Family Clans and the Degu of the Liangshan Yi

本文利用民族学者的凉山彝族社会历史调查报告,从家支组织形态与功能、家支权力结构与德古、社会变迁中的家支与德古三个方面论述彝族家支(血亲社会组织)与德古(权力人物)的结构与功能。笔者认为凉山彝族家支与德古的传统性和现代性并非此消彼长的两个对立物,它们之间的关系是复杂而多面的,传统性不仅具有顽固性,而且会吸收现代性的某些成分从而获得新的生命,家支与德古具有适应社会变迁的能力。传统与现代结合为一种协调的模式,构成了彝族在当代社会的特定民俗。这就是现在凉山彝族农村的地方政治。在当代社会,德古继续扮演什么角色要看他们接受新知识、新的价值观念以及理性权威程度而定。民众在家支上的同质性极高,所以他们不缺乏家支从属感与认同观念,缺乏的是对现代文化的了解,对现代社会的认知,对身处经济极不发达社会的处理方式。

With regard to the research on family clans（ consanguinity social organization） and the Degu（ those people with power） of the Liangshan Yi in Sichuan province,former ethnologists have written detailed reports during the 1930 s and1940s. For instance,there is： Lin Yaohua＇s liangshan yijia（ The Liangshan Yi）,Xu Yitang＇s leibo xiaoliangshan zhi luomin（ The Luo People in Small Cold Mountain of Leibo）,Ma Changshou＇s liangshan luoyi kaocha baogao（ An Investigative Report of Liangshan Luoyi）,Jiang Yingliang＇s liangshan yizu de nvli zhidu（ The Slave System of the Liangshan Yi）,Fang Zhuangyou＇s liangshan yizu xipu（ The Geneaologies of the Liangshan Yi）,and,Zhuang Xueben＇s xikang yizu diaocha baogao（ An Investigative Report of the Xikang Yi）. All of the works mentioned above are important materials for the study of the family clans of the Liangshan Yi and their Degu. In accordance with the requirements of the CCP Central Committee to study the social history of ethnic minorities in China,the Sichuan ethnic investigation team conducted an indepth investigation of the social history of the Liangshan Yi from 1956 to 1957,and collected a huge amount of precious materials. While scholars were exploring the nature of the Liangshan Yi＇s traditional society according to these collected data,they also studied the family clans,taking them as a political institution,for instances,liangshan yizu nvli shehui（ The Slave Society of the Liangshan Yi）,liangshan yizu nvlizhi shehui xingtai（ The Social Formation of the Liangshan Yi Slave System）,andliangshan yizu nvli shehui falv yanjiu（ Studies on the Laws of the Liangshan Yi Slave Society）,etc.Due to social and historical reasons,it is clear that their achievements,with regard to their being a comprehensive comparative study of family clans and the Degu,were not sufficient,until,at the end of 1984,when the Sichuan Ethnic Research Society held a＂ Colloquium on the Family Clans of the Yi in Sichuan Province ＂,and discussed the clues found in the earlier comparative studies. The colloquium stated： ＂if we only pay attention to the aspect that a family clan that serves slave society,and do not notice its other aspects,i. e.,its mass character and deep influence in ideology,then,it is not comprehensive. Thousands of Yi people regard the family clan as their spiritual consolation;they trust their family clan,depend on their family clan to safeguard their benefits,and tie their hopes to the family clan—this is nothing surprising. Even untill today,some people without a family clan try their best to connect themselves with several family clans. The principle is here,＂（ sichuan yizu jiazhi wenti, 1985） This indicates that even though someone tries consciously to change a basic cultural concept,his capability is limited. During the1980 s,the role of family clan in ethnic culture was revitalized.Except for the political role of the family clan,we cannot ignore the fact that the social customs,cultural life,morality standards,and belief systems of the Yi are all connected with the family clan. It is the foundation of their values,based onwhich people live a relatively harmonious life.Therefore,the colloquium made a rational argument for the family clan. During the social reforms which took place during the 1950 s to the 1970 s,the family clan momentarily lost its role. It could be said that this colloquium filled a gap that had existed for a long time.Based on the reports of former ethnologists on the social history of the Liangshan Yi,this article discusses the structure and function of the family clans and the Degu of the Yi from three aspects：1） the organizational form and function of the family clan; 2） the power structure of the family clan and the Degu; and,3） the family clan and the Degu in social change. The conclusion is that the traditional nature and modernity of the Liangshan Yi＇s family clan and Degu are not in opposition to each other. The relationship between them is complex and multi-faceted. The traditional features not only are obstinant,but also can adapt to some elements of mordernity which,in turn,gives them a new life. So,in this manner,the family clan and the Degu have the ability to adapt to social change.Tradition and modernity have been combined into a harmonious model,and constitute the specific folk customs of the Yi in modern society. This is,thus,the local politics in the rural areas of the Liangshan Yi in modern times. In contemporary society,what role does the Degu play？ This depends on the degree of their acceptance of new knowledge,values and rational authority. The homogeneity of the ordinary people＇s family clan is very high,so they do not lack of dependence on and identity with the family clan. What they lack is an understanding of modern culture and society,aswell as an ability to deal with the fact that they live in an economically backward society.