宝鸡市渭滨区电焊作业场所中职业危害的调查分析

The investigation and analysis of occupational hazards in welding workplace in Weibin District of Baoji

目的掌握电焊作业场所职业病危害因素接触情况,为电焊工人职业安全提出针对性的防护措施。方法采取现场职业卫生学调查、个体采样及现场检测(检测电焊作业场所中二氧化锰、电焊烟尘浓度,噪声强度)的方法。结果宝鸡市渭滨区20余户企业106个工作场所中的二氧化锰浓度最高值为1.20mg/m^3,最高值超过标准7倍。低值为0.001mg/m^3,平均值为0.13mg/m^3;合格82个点,点合格率为77.4%。121个工作场所中电焊烟尘浓度最高值为15.3 mg/m^3,最高值超过标准2.83倍。最低值为0.19 mg/m^3,平均值为3.25 mg/m^3;合格87个点,点合格率为71.9%。97个工作场所中的噪声强度最高值为103.6 dB(A),最高值超过标准值18.6 dB(A)。最低值为66.5 dB(A),平均值为85.66 dB(A),合格63个点,点合格率为64.95%。二氧化锰接触水平自动焊接低于手工作业焊接点,手把焊接岗位工人的接触水平最高,其后依次为埋弧焊、二氧化碳保护焊、高频焊,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);汽车制造行业电焊烟尘的接触水平最高,其次是专用设备制造业,电气制造业最低(P<0.05);不同焊接工艺种类电焊烟尘接触水平依次为手把焊接、埋弧焊、二氧化碳保护焊、高频焊及氩弧焊,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);电焊烟尘接触水平与车间整体通风好坏及有无局部通风有关(P<0.01,P<0.05);大企业焊接场所的噪声强度低于中小企业(P<0.05)。结论电焊作业场所中二氧化锰、电焊烟尘、噪声等职业病危害因素的合格率低,职业病危害明显。局部通风对减低电焊烟尘暴露水平具有统计学意义。

Objective To understand risk factors for occupational disease in welding work workplace,in order to put forward specific protective measures of occupational safety for the welding workers. Methods Field survey of occupational hygiene and individual sampling at the welding work sites for testing concentrations of manganese dioxide and welding smoke were conducted. Results Among the 106 sampling spots in more than 20 enterprises in Weibin District of Baoji, the highest concentration of the manganese dioxide was 1. 20 mg/m^3, a minimum of 0. 001 mg/m^3, with a mean of 0. 13 mg/m^3, The percent of equal to or lower than the national standard was 77. 4%, 82 spots were higher than the national standard,and its highest level was seven times than the national standard. Of 121 welding soot were monitored in the workplace, the highest of the concentration was 15. 3 mg/m^3, a minimum of 0. 19 mg/m^3,with a mean of3.25 mg/m^3, The percent of equal to or lower than the national standard was 71. 9%. 87 spots were higher than the national standard,and its highest level was 2. 83 times than the national standard. The noise at 97 workplace were monitored. The highest noise intensity was 103. 6 dB（ A）and the minimum was 66. 5 dB（A）.with mean of 85. 66 dB（A）. 63 spots were higher than the national standard. The percent of equal to or lower than the national standard was percent of pass was 64. 95%, the highest noise intensity was over the standard than18. 6 dB（A）. Manganese dioxide exposure levels at the automatic welding spots were lower than that of manual welding, the difference was statistically significant（ P〈0.01）. The highest level was at the workers＇ hand welding position,then followed by submerged arc welding, carbon dioxide protection welding,high frequency welding. The difference was statistically significant（P〈0. 01）. The highest level of the exposure to welding soot was in the automobile manufacturing industry, the second was the special equipment manufacturing,and the lowest was in the electrical manufacturing（P〈0. 05）. The exposure levels from the welding depended on the different kinds of welding technology such as the hand welding（the highest）,submerged arc welding,carbon dioxide protection welding,high frequency welding then argon arc welding（the lowest）. The difference was statistically significant（P〈0. 05）. The exposure level of welding smoke and dust were closely related to the good or bad entire room ventilation＇ s and presence of the local ventilation at workshops（P〈0. 01,P〈0. 05）. The noise intensity in the welding places of the large enterprises was lower than the small and medium-sized enterprises（P〈0. 05）. Conclusions It was found the lower percent of equal to or lower than the national standard about the manganese dioxide, the welding smoke,and noise in welding workplaces, and there were obvious occupational hazards. Local ventilation has significant importance to reduce welding smoke and dust exposure level.