青海省工矿企业职业病危害特征及对策研究

Analysis on the characteristics and countermeasures of occupational hazard in industrial and mining enterprises in Qinghai

目的分析青海省工矿企业职业病危害谱和职业病谱,确定职业病危害关键控制点并提出对策。方法依托重点职业病防治项目和职业卫生基本情况摸底调查,在青海省8个市/州设置监测点,通过疾病监测系统、问卷调查等收集职业病危害因素分布、职业病诊断和职业健康检查等数据。结果在调查的933家工矿企业中876家存在重点职业病危害因素,65 781人(160 044人次)接触职业病危害,其中56 225人次接触重点职业病危害因素。西宁市、海西州和海东市是职业病重点危害地区,有工矿企业754家,占80.8%;有职工110 519人,占93.3%;有生产工人82 154人,占93.2%;有接害劳动者59 985人,占91.2%;存在严重职业病危害风险工矿企业为256家,占83.9%;新诊断职业病为109人,占99.1%;存在重点职业病危害因素工矿企业为698家,占79.7%。采矿业和制造业是职业病危害重点行业,116家采矿业和372家制造业工矿企业存在严重或较重职业病危害风险,83例尘肺病均分布在采矿业。存在严重和较重职业病危害风险的不同经济类型工矿企业中私有经济企业数量最多,为389家,占70.5%;不同规模工矿企业中小型规模企业数量最多,为279家,占50.5%。重点职业病为尘肺病,110例职业病中尘肺病为105例,占95.5%。结论基本确定了目前青海省职业病危害重点地区、行业、职业病危害因素和职业病等。应提高职业卫生技术服务质量、信息化程度和工矿企业开展防治工作的主动性,动态掌握职业病危害现状;加强粉尘作业、噪声作业以及小微、私有经济的职业病防治,采取综合宣传措施提高全民职业病防治意识等,以预防职业病和保护劳动者健康。

Objective To identify the critical control points of occupational hazard by analyzing the spectrum of occupational hazard and disease. Methods The investigation was conducted based on ＂Key Occupational Disease Monitoring and Occupational Health Risk Assessment＂ and ＂Investigation on Basic Situation of Occupational Health＂.8 monitoring points were set up in Qinghai province. Data about distribution of occupational hazards, occupational disease diagnosis and occupational health examination were collected through disease surveillance system and questionnaire. Results In 933 industrial and mining enterprises,there were 876 enterprises with the key occupational hazard factors（93. 9%）. 65 781 workers（160 044 person-times） were exposed to the occupational hazard, and 56 225 person-times（35. 1 %） with the exposure to the key occupational hazard factors. High risk areas were Xining,Haixi and Haidong cities where there were 754 industrial and mining enterprises（80. 8%）, 110 519 employees（93. 3%）, 82 154 production workers（93. 2%）, 59 985 production workers（91. 2%） exposed to the occupational hazards, 256 industrial and mining enterprises（83. 9%） with severe occupational hazard risk, 109 newly diagnosed occupational disease cases（ 99. 1 %）,698 industrial and mining enterprises（79.7%） with key occupational hazard factors. Mining enterprises and manufacturing enterprises were high-risk industry,in which there were high to moderate occupational hazard risk in 116 mining enterprises（100%）and 372 manufacturing enterprises（87. 7）,83 pneumoconiosis（79.0%） worked on mining industry. Majority of enterprises with high or moderate occupational hazard risks were private（ 389, 70. 5%） and small-sized（ 279, 50. 5%） enterprises. The main occupational disease was pneumoconiosis; 110 occupational disease cases included 105 pneumoconiosis（95. 5%）. Conclusions Key area,industry,occupational hazard factors and occupational disease were preliminarily identified in Qinghai Province. Quality and information level of occupational health service,initiative of occupational disease prevention and control should be improved for mastering trend of occupational hazards. More attention should be paid to prevention and control work for exposure to dust and noise, private and small-sized enterprises. Comprehensive health education measures should be addressed for improving health consciousness of the whole people.