春秋思想界的张力:论新思潮与老传统的关系

The Tension and Trends of the Thoughts in the Spring and Autumn Period

春秋思想世界中存在着两股重要的力量,一是《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》代表的老传统,另一个是齐桓-管仲的形名-事功思潮。作为新涌现的思想力量之代表,齐桓-管仲思想以效率、功利为其基本旨趣,其现实目标包括取物以归己与屈人(国)以就己,即"有为"。齐桓-管仲的形名事功思想与权力、物质利益牵连,拥有更强的变革现实的力量,由此成为春秋战国诸侯为之倾心的新的思想势力。晋文公图霸业之举措多借鉴齐桓-管仲,子产治郑国,尚贤使能,铸刑书,邓析据此造"竹刑"。这些以客观性、确定性、效率性为主导的精神可以看作是对齐桓-管仲思想的继承与发展。形名-事功思潮是对《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》所构成的老的思想世界之反动,"礼崩乐坏"正是这一思潮崛起、冲击所带来的后果。这种新思潮一方面动摇了《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》思想系统,成为与之对峙的思想力量;另一方面,这个思潮与《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》思想传统一道构成了先秦诸子思想之源头与基本境域。两种思想力量之对立、激荡也构成了春秋思想进一步发展的内在张力。老子以"无为"扭转"有为",其反对、超越的对象包含礼乐文化,但最重要的是形名法术。孔子从周,欲恢复被齐桓-管仲的形名事功冲击而逐渐式微的老传统。不同于老子同时拒斥礼乐、形名,孔子拒斥形名法令而使之归于仁与礼。老、孔思想所达到的境界皆基于以上两股精神力量之间的巨大张力。正视这两股思想力量及其对立构成的思想张力,为准确理解春秋思想世界及诸子思想提供了必要的前提。

There were two trends of essential powers in the thoughts of Spring and Autumn Period： one was the traditional ideas represented by the old classics like Shi 詩,Shu 書,Li 禮 and Yue 樂; the other was a new trend of ideas about form-name and utilitarianism from Duke Huan of Qi and Guanzhong.Both of them considered efficiency and utility as a basic proposal,and their practical goal was to ＂take things to human,and people （or the whole state） to the rulers,＂in another word,action 有為.Combined with the political power and material benefit,Duke Huan and Guanzhong＇s thought got a strong reforming force,and thus became the main ideological trend which attracted most of the dukes in Spring and Autumn Period.They saw objectivity,certainty and efficiency as the merits of their time,which were no doubt the inheritance and development from Duke Huan and Guanzhong＇s thoughts.This tide of FormName and utilitarianism was a reaction to the traditional thoughts,and led up to the ruin of tradition.Meanwhile,the conflict between the two thoughts was also served as motive for the development of Spring and Autumn Period thoughts.