中国哲学中的体用义

The Meaning of Ti-yong in Chinese Philosophy

体用论在中国哲学中运用甚广,是儒、释、道三家共同使用的思想范畴,然体用这对范畴在传统的哲学文献中仍有不同的指义。为了清楚地了解体用论的渊源及使用,现简要梳理哲学史上重要学者对"体用"范畴的使用,并考察其中有何不同的强调与转变。为了使讨论的焦点能更形集中,对宋以前、宋代及明代对"体用"范畴的使用作初步的讨论,以说明"体用"的意义类型,及其是否在哲学史中有所新创。之所以以宋明为界,是因为宋代以前的体用论述多见于道家及佛家的论说中,而宋代是理学家使用体用说最多的时代,宋代以后三教之学渐有混同合一之论,故其"体用"之说也有新的发展。在上述的时间划分下,宋以前的思想家以王弼为主要的参照对象,宋以后以朱熹为主,而明代则专论方以智一人。

Ti-yong,a philosophical category commonly used by Confucianism,Buddhism,and Daoism,is w idely applied in Chinese philosophy. This category,how ever,signifies differently in traditional texts of philosophy. In order to clarify the origin and applications of ti-yong,this paper attempts to analyze scholars＇ applications of ti-yong that w ere of great importance in the history of Chinese philosophy and to discover changes in their emphasis. The paper tries to take examples from pre-Song,Song and M ing dynasties,focusing on different usages of ti-yong and illustrating their types of meaning as w ell as w hether they w ere new ly created in the history of philosophy. On account of the fact that discourses of ti-yong before Song mostly appeared in Buddhism and Daoism texts,that ti-yong w as most frequently used by Confucians in Song and that w ith the gradual increase number of three-teaching-in-one theories,there w as a new development of ti-yong after Song,the transformation of ti-yong needs to be divided into three phases based on the timeline of Song and M ing. Therefore,the paper w ill take Wang Bi as the representative of the pre-Song period,Zhu Xi of Song and Fang Yizhi of M ing.