美国没收财产制度的类型、效益、挑战及启示

Types, Benefits, Challenges and Revelations of Asset Forfeiture in the Unites States

美国与犯罪有关的没收财产制度可分为刑事没收、民事没收与行政没收。三者在性质、适用对象、没收范围、适用程序等方面都存在较大差异,各有优劣。近年来,美国没收财产制度在打击犯罪、补偿被害人以及增加财政收入等方面发挥了重要作用,同时也面临着一些严峻的法律与事实层面的挑战。美国没收财产制度的立法与实践能为我国没收财产制度中的空白和缺陷提供有益的借鉴。

There are three types of asset forfeitures in the United States, namely criminal forfeiture, civilforfeiture and administrative forfeiture. They are different in nature, object, scope and procedure and each ofthem has their own advantages. In recent years, asset forfeiture plays a very important role in crime reduction,victim compensation and budget boost. However, asset forfeiture is confronted with some seriousconstitutional and practical challenges. American legislature and practice of asset forfeiture can provide someexperience in improving Chinese asset forfeiture system.