略论北宋河北地区的屯田

On Reclamation Within Hebei Area in the Northern Song Dynasty

北宋河北地区的屯田开始于宋太宗淳化四年,到了真宗、仁宗时期,在规模上趋于稳定,管理上日渐成熟,成为了河北边防建设的一个重要组成部分。到熙宁四年,由于屯田长期亏损,政府将河北地区的屯田改为了租佃经营,规模化的屯田活动就此基本结束。河北地区屯田主要分布在河北边境的平原地区,大多依托塘泺开设,并和塘泺一起构成了重要的对辽防御工事,用以限制辽骑兵部队。在生产经营上,河北地区屯田效率低下,常年入不敷出。屯田主要由士兵负责耕种,但也有少量平民参与。

The reclamation system in Hebei area in the Northern Song Dynasty started in the fourth year of the period when Emperor Taizong of Song（reign title as Chunhua） ruled the country. By the time of the ruling period of Zhenzong of Song and Renzong of Song, it had tended to be stable in scale and become increasingly mature managerially, forming a significant part of the frontier defense construction in Hebei area. By the time of the fourth year of the ruling period of Emperor Shenzong of Song（reign title as Xi ＇ning）, due to long-time deficit of the reclamation system, the government changed the system in Hebei area into land lease system, marking an end to the period of large-scale reclamation. The reclamation land within Hebei was distributed mainly on the plains on Hebei frontiers, set mostly alongside with Tangluo（a kind of defense works consisting of many lakes and irrigated land connected by rivers, streams, trenches,etc）, the two of which constitutes the crucial defense works against the Liao Dynasty so as to constrain its cavalry. In respect of operation and management, the reclamation system in Hebei area was inefficient, making it impossible to make ends meet over many years. The reclamation was mostly conducted by soldiers while a small number of civilians also participated.