港口国措施对治理IUU捕捞的有效性及《港口国措施协定》对我国的影响分析

Effectiveness of the port state measures on combating IUU Fishing and the influence of Port State Measures Agreement to China

IUU捕捞严重阻碍了有效的渔业资源管理和养护。治理IUU捕捞需在诸多环节付出努力,其中港口国措施通过消除或减少IUU渔获物的上岸机会来治理IUU捕捞,2016年生效的《港口国措施协定》为各国采取港口国措施提供了国际法依据。本文分析了《港口国措施协定》的主要内容以及有关国家和区域渔业管理组织已采取的相关措施。在此基础上,分析了港口国措施的有效性及其局限性,其有效性主要是可以减少IUU捕捞活动的发生,提高发现IUU捕捞的可能性,弥补船旗国管辖的不足;局限性主要是很多国家的执行能力不足将导致短期内港口国措施难以有效实施,而且协定并未对渔获物可追溯信息做出规定,致使在港口确认IUU捕捞行为面临困难。对我国而言,港口国措施可降低悬挂我国旗帜的船舶从事或支持IUU捕捞的可能性,加入协定可促进健全我国捕捞监督管理体系;但我国采取港口国措施将面临港口监管体系、渔业监督体系的全面改革的挑战,以及港口国措施的能力建设的挑战。

IUU fishing hinders the effective management and conservation of fishery resources. Combating IUU fishing should make efforts in many links. Port state measures combat IUU fishing by eliminating or reducing the quantity of catches from IUU fishing. The Port State Measures Agreement provides a basis in international law for port state measures which came into force in 2016. This paper analyzes the main content of Port State Measures Agreement and the measures which have been adopted by some countries or RFMOs.On this basis, this paper analyzes the effectiveness and limitation of port state measures. As for the effectiveness,for example,port state measures can reduce the occurrence of IUU fishing and improve the possibility of finding IUU vessels; It also can make up for the defects of the flag state jurisdiction. As for the limitation,for example,it＇s difficult to implement port state measures in a short period of time because of inadeguate execution capacity of many countries; And it is difficult to confirm IUU fishing in the harbor because Port State Measures Agreement has not regulated the traceability information of catches. For China,port state measures can reduce the possibility of vessels which fly China＇s flag to engage in or support the IUU fishing. It＇ll perfect the oversight and control systems for fishing if China joins the Port State Measures Agreement. However,if China adopts the port state measures,China also will be faced with some challenges in the comprehensive reform of port supervision system and fishery supervision system and the construction of port state measures ability.