法官眼里无事实:证据裁判原则下的事实、证据与事实认定

The Judge Sees No Facts: on the Facts,Evidence,and Fact Identification under the Principle of Evidentiary Adjudication

证据裁判是诉讼进步与司法文明的重要标志之一。在证据裁判原则下,有三个关键性概念,即事实、证据和事实认定,在逻辑上它们是一种命题、论据与结论的关系。作为司法证明的逻辑起点,案件事实不同于哲学意义上的事实,也不同于作为裁判基础的事实,它有法律上的规定性;作为认定事实根据的证据,更强调形式上的相关性和合法性;事实认定是司法证明的逻辑终点,虽然它是一种理性的、严格的证明,但案件事实是过去发生的事实,法官能够看到的只是证据,只能凭借证据来认定事实,这就决定了事实认定具有不确定性。

Evidentiary adjudication is one of the important signs of progress of litigation and judicial civilization. There are three key concepts under the principles of evidentiary adjudication： facts,evidence and fact identification. They form a kind of logic relationship among proposition,the argument and conclusion. As a logical starting point of judicial proof,the case facts have legal determinacy which is different from the facts in philosophical sense,and also different from the fact that as a foundation for the judicial judgment. As the basis of the facts,the evidence emphasizes more the relevance and legitimacy in form. As a logical end point of judicial proof,fact identification is a rational,rigorous proof,but the case facts happened in the past,the fact-finder can only see the evidence,and can only use the evidence to find the facts,which determines the uncertainty of fact identification.