城镇化对湿地的影响研究进展

Progress in Studies of the Impacts of Urbanization on Wetland

湿地是人类生存和发展的主要环境之一,城镇化进程严重影响了湿地生态系统。从城镇化对湿地的景观格局、水文、生物多样性影响方面综述了城镇化对湿地生态系统影响的研究进展。研究发现城镇化改变了湿地的景观格局,使湿地面积不断减少,景观破碎化,湿地异质性增大,连通性降低。城镇化改变了湿地的水文条件,使天然调蓄能力减弱,径流系数增强,洪峰流量增大,水土流失加重,河网和水系结构特征改变,水质受到严重影响。城镇化降低了湿地生物多样性,使物种丰富度和分布降低,珍稀物种因丧失生境而灭绝,生物入侵增强,进而导致种群组成和生态系统的功能发生变化。最后提出了在全球变化背景下城镇化对湿地影响研究的新方向及其保护措施建议。

Wetland is one of the major ecosystem types for human being due to its abundant biodiversity, landscape and important ecological functions. However, urbanization process results in damages to wetland ecosystem. In this study, we present an analysis and a summary of the effects of urbanization on wetland ecosystem from three aspects of hydrology, landscape pattern and biodiversity. Previous studies showed that urbanization affected wetland landscape pattern, primarily presented as wetland loss, landscape fragmentation, heterogeneity increase, and connectivity decrease. Urbanization also altered wetland hydrology with decreased water storage capacity, increased runoff, flood and erosion, as well as river and water system structure transformation. Meanwhile, water quality, pollution and eutrophication in river and lake aggravated. In addition, urbanization reduced wetland biodiversity accompanied by decrease of species richness and distribution range, rare species die out, and invasive species enhancement, which transform species composition and ecosystem function. Direction for future studies of impacts of urbanization on wetland under climate change and suggestions on wetland protection during urbanization process were proposed.