对罗尔斯正义理论的回应与推进——森和努斯鲍姆的能力论

On Sen and Nussbaums Criticism on Rawlss Theory of Justice

罗尔斯的公平的正义理论是当代政治哲学中最重要的正义理论。罗尔斯的理论是以契约论的方法推导的,正义原则实际上是对社会基本善进行分配的原则。然而,立约人只能是具有立约能力的理性人,因而罗尔斯的契约论限制了罗尔斯的正义视域,契约论方法以及理性人的社会合作体系致使其不把先天的残障人包含在正义问题范围内。阿玛蒂亚·森(Amartya Sen)和玛莎·努斯鲍姆(Martha Nussbaum)等人对于罗尔斯的方法论,对资源平等的分配正义问题提出批评,他们突破契约论的局限,提出了能力平等的方法论。他们从人的基本能力的前提出发,将基本善的分配转向能力平等,指出正义在于基本能力的实现,而非正义在于基本能力的不足,因此他们从罗尔斯的形式正义转向实质性的正义。同时他们也对于契约论不包括残障人的问题进行了尖锐的批评,罗尔斯回应了他们的批评,并仍坚持了自己的观点。

Rawlss theory of justice is the most important one in contemporary political philosophy.Rawlss theory is derivation from on the contract approach and the distributive justice is of equality theory for resources allocation on the primary goods.Rawlss theory of contract and the system of social cooperation imply the possibility that the disabled person is not included in the scope of social justice.Amartya Sen,Martha Nussbaum and others criticized Rawlss approach of his theory and the resource equality of distributive justice,and proposed the methodology of capacity equality.They have made a sharp criticism of the contract theory,which does not include disabled patients.Rawls responded to their criticism and still adhered to his own views.