国家治理视角下的农村治理规则变迁与中国经验——以民间规约为考量对象

The Changes of Rules for Rural Governance in the Perspective of National Governance and Chinese Experience-Study on the Civil Regulations

"国家法律、民间规约"一直是农村社会治理的两大类规则;二者之间的互动关系、作用强度因国家治理的变化而变化,随着国家治理能力的变化而表现出不同的组合形式。在西方,自中世纪之后,农村治理走的是一条法治道路,而中国却不同。在国家治理能力较弱的传统社会,"他我生产"的国法不下乡,农村社会依靠"自我生产"的一整套完整的治理规则体系进行自我治理;这套规则体系涵盖农村经济社会的方方面面,是农业社会实现"无为而治"的规则基础,也是支撑农业文明延续的"规则密码"。1949年之后,进入现代民族国家建构进程,完全以现代的国家法律体系为前提。随着国家治理能力逐渐变强,国家法律下乡进村,并成为农村治理的主要规则。集体化时期到包产到户之后,再到税费改革之后,以及当下的"法治化"建设,都是在国家治理框架下突出"国家法律"作为治理规则、治理农村社会的一个现代化过程。在当下,国家治理能力在农村社会主要体现为"服务能力",农村治理规则的安排既需要高层输入的"国法",也需要基层内生的"规约","法为主,约为辅"是当前农村治理规则的创新选择。

'Nationallaw and civil statute'has been the two main rules of rural social governance;The interaction between the two is changed by the change of national governance,and shows different combinations with the change of national governance capability. In the west,since the middle ages,rural governance has followed a path of rule of law. China is different. In the governance ability weak traditional society,there is no law in countryside,rural society rely on'production'of a complete system of governance rules,just for self-management;This whole set of rules system covers all aspects of rural economic and social society, and is the basis of the rule of'no treatment'in agricultural society, and the'rule code'that supports the continuation of agricultural civilization. After 1949,the process of constructing modern nation-state is based on the modern national legal system. With the gradual improvement of national governance capacity,the national law has taken the countryside into villages and became the main rule of rural governance. After collectivization period and the production quotas,and after the reform of taxes and fees, and the construction of law, are all under the governance framework to highlight'national law'as a main management rules,management of rural social modernization process. In the present,the national governance in rural society mainly embodied in the'service',the arrangement of the rural governance rules require both national law and specifications. The law is first,the civil regulations is second. However, they are both valuable for the innovation of current rural governance.