魅力型社会支配理论观照下的墨家组织制度

A SDT-based study of Mohism hierarchical organization

先秦墨家是建立在墨子领袖魅力型威权基础上的组织。墨家的创立过程,即是墨子的魅力型威权的确立过程。在此期间,墨家弟子作为追随者,对墨子经历了一个从怀疑、质疑,甚至是背叛,再到顶礼膜拜的过程。而作为魅力型领袖,墨子和追随者之间最终建立起的是一种完全基于情感(信任)之上的特殊的支配与被支配关系。在组织的权力运行机制中,代表着"天志"的"义"是墨家全体成员信奉的最高准则,墨子的魅力型权威和纪律在墨家建立和发展过程中皆发挥了重要作用,其组织内部实行经济一体化政策,具有魅力型支配组织的"非理性"的某些特征。墨子之后,墨家实行巨子制度,巨子的权威是墨子魅力型支配例行化的结果。处在兼并战争日益激烈的战国时代,墨家坚定反对兼并战争这一主张,使得墨家时常会卷入到战争的漩涡中,给墨家的发展带来了很大的不确定性。这种不确定性,即反映到巨子制度上,并最终影响到了墨家的组织性存在。

Mohists during the period prior to the Qin unification of China formed a highly structured political organization where Mozi as a charismatic leader surrounded himself with devout followers.Mohism believed in the high doctrine of Yi(义,righteousness)and stated that Yi was the will of Heaven.While authority and discipline played a big part in the development of Mohism,Mohism also showed identifying characteristics of irrationality such as common ownership of assets.In the postMozi era,this political structure evolved into a network of local units each led by a juzi.To realize their trademark ethical ideals of opposition to warfare,Mohism hired out their military services in the Warring States Period,which eventually damaged its strictly structured organization system.