从对象世界到生活世界——谈马克思的“生活决定意识”

From Object-World to Life-World:An Interpretation of Karl Marx's View That Consciousness Is Determined by Life

马克思的"生活决定意识"可谓是马克思主义哲学原则的纲领性概括,相较于传统意识哲学,这乃是完全不同的出发点。大多学者也在此意义上,认为其完成了一次哲学上的理论转向(一般被称为"实践转向"或"生存论转向"),并在此转向中同时开启了一场哲学革命。但是,在西方学界,诸如海德格尔等思想家却认为,马克思"生活决定意识"所谓的"实践转向"不过是黑格尔绝对形而上学的颠倒,这种颠倒只是反过来确证其所反对东西的本质。可见,熟知非真知,"生活决定意识"并非一句看来自明的话,它必须在与传统形而上学的批判性对话中重新被审视,才能达到本质的澄明。

That ＂consciousness is determined by life＂ by Marx can be regarded as the guiding summary for the principles of Marxist Philosophy, which is completely a different starting point in contrast with the traditional phi- losophy of consciousness. In this respect, most of the scholars hold that it completes a theoretical turn in philoso- phy, generally as ＂practical turn＂ or existential turn, while starting a philosophical revolution in this turn. How- ever, Martin Heidegger and other thinkers in the Western academic field regard the ＂practical turn＂ stated by Marx in the statement that ＂consciousness is determined by life＂ as simply the reversal of Hegel＇s absolute met- aphysics, which just in turn confirms the essence of what Marx has argued against. As indicated, what is known well is not the same as what is known truly. And that ＂consciousness is determined by life＂ is not self-evident, which must be further reviewed in a critical conversation with traditional metaphysics so as to clarify its essence.