天民 民命 民主——论《尚书》民本思想的逻辑建构

Heaven People,the Will of the People and the People Lord:A Logical Construction of People-Oriented Thought in Shang Shu

《尚书》民本思想是后世民本思想的源头,具有浓郁的宗教色彩和自洽的内在逻辑关系。一,以天民思想为其理论前提,论证民意本于天意,回答君王何要以民为本的终极理论问题;二,通过"民命"(民意)秉承"天命"展开民本思想言说,以此论证王位的合法性,从思想高度促使君王敬德、保民;三,将"天子"诠释为"民主",以民的视角解释君王的涵义,凸显"民"的主导性地位,完成民本思想建构。《尚书》民本思想的这些内容有力推动了前诸子文化由"神本"向"人本"方向的转变,对之后文化的发展产生了深远的影响。

The people-oriented thought in strong religious feature and self-consistent Shang Shu is the source of internal logic. First, it, with later people-oriented thought, showing a heaven people as its theoretical premise, demonstrates that the will of heaven is in the will of people, which is an ultimate answer to the theoretical ques- tion why the king should act on the will of people. Second, that ＂the will of people adheres to the will of heav- en＂ is used to talk the people-oriented thought, proving the legitimacy of the throne while urging the king to re- spect virtues and protect the people ideologically. Third, ＂the son of heaven＂ is defined as ＂the people lord＂ to interpret the connotations of the king from the perspective of people, while completing the construction of people-oriented thought. All highlighting the dominant position of people these contents about the people-oriented thought in Shang Shu greatly promote the transformation of cultures of previous philosophers from ＂divinity＂ to ＂humanism＂, exerting a profound influence on the later cultural development.