政治权力结构视角下的美国国安会变迁

The Transition of National Security Council: A Political Power Structure Perspective

美国国家安全委员会的产生与发展,不但受到国际安全环境变化的影响,也受到美国国内政治权力结构的制约。美国总统由于在安全决策中受到国会的制衡和行政部门的掣肘,将国安会机制引入到安全决策中。在发展历程中,国安会系统演化出满足总统主导安全决策需要的诸多机构特点,与总统形成了利益和权力共生体,并突破了宪法和行政部门对总统安全决策权力的限制,实现了总统和国安会权力的双重扩大化。总统对国安会的倚重和国安会权力地位的提升,也导致了国安会的组织官僚化,以及决策流程的精英化,不免使安全决策过程缺乏理性平衡,决策结果并不一定完全符合客观的美国国家利益。展望未来,在全球化和信息化的时代,美国世界霸权地位的相对萎缩和国内政治资源争夺的加剧,将使国安会原有的权力和影响力受到巨大冲击。美国国安会体系能否沿着原有轨迹发展,能否维持在美国政治权力结构中的原有地位,都将面临重大挑战。

The creation and development of National Security Council( NSC)originated from both the change of international security environment and American domestic political power structure. President of the United States introduced the NSC into the decision making process to offset the checks and balances from the Capitol Hill and different executive branches. With the evolution of NSC,the president and the NSC became the interests and power symbiosis. The expansion of NSC's power in decision making process and the president's reliance on it led to the bureaucratization of this organization,thus,the decision making process may not necessarily be in line with American national security interests. Looking ahead,with the American strategic retrenchment,the power structure and influence of NSC will be challenged by domestic politics in the era of globalization and informationization. Whether NSC will continue to evolve along the original track and maintain its prestigious position in the decision making process is a question to be answered in the future.