越南灶神与土公之关系考

Study on the Relationship Between the Kitchen God and Landgod in Vietnam

灶神与土地神是民间信仰中各司其职而又较普遍存在的神灵,而越南的灶神与原本为土地神的土公却混淆为一。从传统史料可知,中国的土地信仰很早已传入越南,其中的土公也传入已久。私家文书《范族家谱》与《秋祭吉忌仪》则明确显示迄至近代文献,土公仍与灶神相区别,为家宅土地性质的守护神。灶神与土公的混淆,一是根源于土地信仰"三位一体"的内在结构,一是由于近代汉族移民的涌入,以及越南汉字的废除。

The kitchen god and the landgod are the most popular gods with respective functions in the civil faith,but they are confused with each other in Vietnam.According to the traditional historical data,China＇s land belief had been introduced into Vietnam for a long time,so had the landgod.The private documents＂Fan Family Tree＂and＂Autumn Sacrifice Ji Yi＂explicitly show that the landgod is different from the kitchen god in the literatures,which is the guardian of homestead.The confusion between the kitchen god and the landgod was rooted in the inner structure of ＂three-in-one＂of land belief,and the swarming of Chinese immigrants into Vietnam in modern times and the abolition of Vietnamese characters.