湖北随州叶家山西周曾侯墓出土玉鱼研究

Archaic Fish-Shaped Jade from Zeng State of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Suizhou,Hubei Province

2011至2013年,湖北省文物考古研究所对湖北随州叶家山西周曾侯墓进行了两次抢救性发掘,出土玉器300余件,笔者选取数量约占十分之一的32件完整的鱼形佩饰,从玉器形制、纹饰工艺和微痕迹三方面进行琢制工艺研究。关于玉鱼形制研究,可将玉鱼分为四种类型:直线型(A型)、拱背型(B型)、刻刀型(C型)、工具类(D型)。四种类型的特征如下:(1)直线型(A型)玉鱼,鱼身平直,头和尾在一条直线上。直线型玉鱼又可进一步分为Aa型、Ab型和Ac型。Aa型玉鱼的纹饰简单,具有鱼嘴、鱼眼、鱼鳃、鱼鳍和鱼尾;Ab型玉鱼的造型具有兽足和鸟喙以及鱼身,为复合动物型;Ac型玉鱼通体为流畅的柳叶状素面鱼身,仅有一个孔眼象征鱼眼。(2)拱背型(B型)玉鱼,鱼身弯曲,成一条弧线。拱背型玉鱼又可分为Ba型、Bb型和Bc型,Ba型玉鱼具有鱼嘴、鱼眼、鱼鳃、鱼鳍和鱼尾,鱼身呈流畅的弧形;Bb型玉鱼具有兽足和鸟喙及鱼身,为复合动物型;Bc型玉鱼为素面玉鱼,仅具有鱼嘴、鱼眼和鱼尾,鱼眼由孔眼表示,整个鱼身无纹饰,头尾连成弧形。(3)刻刀型(C型)玉鱼,鱼尾呈刻刀状,鱼身为刀柄状,鱼身后方两侧各有一个方形凸齿为刀格,鱼尾无豁口。刻刀型玉鱼也可分为Ca型、Cb型和Cc型。Ca型玉鱼整体呈棒状,无突出的鱼鳍,鱼身较立体,截面一般呈三角形;Cb型玉鱼鱼腹平直,鱼背呈流线状,鱼身整体略鼓,鱼头和鱼尾较扁平;Cc型玉鱼呈跳跃状,鱼背和鱼腹上拱,鱼头和鱼尾连成弧线。(4)工具型(D型)玉鱼,仅一件,用作挖耳勺,整体呈棒状,鱼尾笔直,呈现代的挖耳勺造型。关于玉鱼纹饰工艺研究,这32件玉鱼皆采用片雕手法,可分为两类:一类为素面玉鱼,共6件;另一类为纹饰玉鱼,共26件。鱼嘴多呈"丁"字嘴,鱼眼为"圆洼眼";鱼身多数无鱼鳞,鱼身上可见粗阴刻线刻画的鱼鳃、鱼鳍和兽足,鱼鳃处采用斜刀的手法刻画;这26件玉鱼中,仅2件刻有鱼鳞。关于玉鱼微痕迹研究,在全部32件玉鱼中,只有1件玉鱼上可观察到宽约0.5mm的切割痕,该切割痕中间宽深,两端尖浅,笔者推断,此为砣切割工艺留下的痕迹。在具有纹饰的26件玉鱼上,表示鱼鳍和兽足的宽阴刻线同样表现为中间宽深,两端较尖浅,线条宽窄不均匀,为砣具手工琢制的痕迹;在鱼眼和鱼鳃倾斜的部位上可以见到尖锐工具手工推碾留下的"蚂蚁脚"。在30件具有孔眼的玉鱼中,有27件孔眼为双面钻,呈现双面喇叭状孔壁,个别孔壁可见螺旋纹,在孔眼附近有错位的残缺圆形洼凹,推测为桯钻痕迹;有2件为单面钻,其中1件的孔眼处可见管状器具留下的同心圆痕迹,推测为单面管钻;还有1件玉鱼上具有象鼻孔,孔壁较平直,双面喇叭状孔壁斜向下连通成孔。

The tumulus of Zeng State was excavated by Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, in Suizhou, Hubei Province from 2011 to 2013. More than 300 pieces of jade were excavated. This paper mentions nearly one-tenth pieces out of al l the 32 pieces of undestructive fish-shaped jade to further study their jade shape, texture decoration craft and microscratch.On the aspect of jade shape？ The fish-shaped jade can be classified into four types： straight type （A type） , hogback type （B type） , burin type （C type） and tool type （D type）. The characteristics of four types are as fol lows： （ 1 ） Samples of the f I r s t type have stra ight body, whose head and tail are in a straight line. The straight type can be assigned to Aa type, Ab type and Ac type in detail. Samples belonged to Aa type have simple texture which represents fish mouth, fish ti l ls, fins and fish tail. Ab type presents complex animal type, which consists of beast paw, bird beak and other fish elements. Samples from Ac type were carved into willow-shaped body wi th no texture decoration and only one hole standing for eyes. （2）The second type is typical for curved body with which head and tail forming an arc. The hogback type jade fish can be divided into Ba type, Bb type and Be type. Ba type pres-ents a smooth arc which has fish mouth, fish eyes？ Fins and fish tail. Bb type is complex animal type which has beast paw and bird beak besides fish body. Be type is naked curved fish jade wi th only the shape of fish mouth, f ins, fish tail and a hole symbolizing eyes. （3）The third type is typical for knife-shaped tail and its body stands for the hilt. There are two con-vex crossguard on the bottom of body while there is no divarication on the tail. Burin type can be also divided into three types： Ca ty p e , Cb type and Cc type. Ca type is stick-shaped wi th tr iangular cross section and there are no fins on the jade fish. Cb type presents a state of jumping that its head and tail composes an arc. （4）Final ly, there is only one piece of the four th type, which is an earpick jade fish wi th straight body and simple texture. The spoon is on the tail of the jade fish.In regards to the study of texture decoration craf t , these 32 pieces of jade we re all carved into sheets. These pieces of jade fish can be classed into two types： one is naked jade fish of 6 pieces, another is texture decorated fish-shaped jade of 26 pieces, which present “T” shaped mouth and “round hol low eyes”. There are barely fish scales on the surface of these pieces of jade fish and the fish gi l ls, fins and beast paws were carved into wide negative lines. The fish gills were carved by the method of inclined engraving^ specially.On the aspect of microscratch, it is observed tha t only one cutting mark about 0. 5 mm wide among all pieces of fish-shaped jade. This cutting mark is fusi form, which is wide and deep in the middle and both ends are speculate and shallow. The author infers that this is the trace of stone or metal roller. Similarly, on the surface of 26 pieces of fish-shaped jade with texture decorated, the same engraving lines can be observed in the wide negative lines which were believed carved by rollers. On the gradient part of the fish eyes and gills？ The tiny uant foot” can be observed which were deduced engraved by shape tools. Among the 30 pieces of fish-shaped jade with holes,there are 27 pieces of fish-shaped jade having double-faced holes, which present trumpet-shaped hole walls with spiral lines in some fish-shaped jade. Around the eyelets, there are some incomplete round pits which means the hole may drilled by solid broach. Besides, there are 2 pieces of fish-shaped jade have bosseyed holes？ And con-centric trace can be observed on one of it. The authos believe it is the trace of tubular drill. At last ,there is an “elephant trunk hole” on a piece of fish-shaped jade,which is rare in this passel of fish-shaped jade.