从旗人到满族:民间选择与官方导向的二重奏

From Bannermen to Manzu: The Duel Functions of Folk Memory and Official Policy

在时人观念中,今天的满族源自清代的旗人,而事实上二者的人群构成却存在着较大的差异。以清代畿辅地区(今京、津、冀等地区)为例,这里曾经是旗人最为集中的区域之一,然而目前该地区为数众多的旗人后裔却并未呈报满族,这一状况是辛亥革命之后多重历史因素作用的结果。近年来,学术界在对从旗人到满族转变进程研究中较为注重自上而下的角度,强调官方政策导向对于民族意识的塑造,本文则提请学界充分关注自下而上的视角,考察主体人群的自我意识、自我建构和自我选择。满族的形成是辛亥直至今天官方导向与民众选择双向互动的结果,不可忽视问题的任何一个方面。有鉴于此,本文以北京、河北等地区的庄园旗人为中心,力图从下层主体人群的视角,以记忆与遗忘为切入点,探讨清代旗人群体与今天满族群体的"不对等"性,进一步探寻辛亥革命至今百余年间从"旗人"到"满族"的历史变迁。

After the 1911 Revolution,especially a nationwide Ethnic Classification Project(minzu shibie)in the 1950s,contemporary Manzu identity is quite different from Qing-era Bannermen identity under the multi-influence.Scholars have emphasized the top-down,state-led role in this process.This factor is very important,but at the same time,we should not ignore the role of grassroots,bottom-up identity formation in this process.The formation of Manzu identity,from the 1911 Revolution until now,is the result of interactions between the state and ordinary people.In this paper,through fieldwork conducted in Beijing and Hebei,the author will explore the transformation of bannermen identity into Manzu identity from a grassroots'perspective,and reveal the asymmetries between these two versions of Manchuness.