魏晋至隋唐的寺院之学及其教学活动

Monastic Studies and Educational Activities from Wei and Jin to Sui and Tang Dynasties

魏晋至隋唐佛教寺院的教育活动包括寺院启蒙教育、讲经、高僧聚徒授学,以及译场中与佛经翻译相连的知识习得和研讨活动,呈现了宗教与世俗知识创造、传播和服务功能密切结合的状态,故可将寺院之学视为此期一种新兴的特殊形态的学校。此期佛教寺院学既具有鲜明的宗教功能和特点,又具有独特而重要的社会功能,并与世俗社会中的各种教育活动存在着共性。其教育方式深受世俗学校的影响,尤其是与民间职业学校和师徒见习活动存在着相似之处;在教育内容上则包括了多种世俗知识和技能,覆盖了从启蒙初阶到进修深造的各个阶段;在教育对象上,除寺院僧徒外,更有大量俗间信众获益于寺院讲经和高僧的聚徒授学。在此认识基础上,考虑到魏晋以来寺院数量迅速增加,由寺院学培养的僧众数量和受其影响的俗间信众数量益趋庞大,又由于寺院学所具宗教功能,尤其是佛教中国化过程对"众生平等"等理念的传播,无论是对寺院学在此期整个知识传承体系中的地位,还是对其在门阀制度逐渐瓦解和民族融合不断推进过程中发挥的作用,均有必要进一步对之加以重视和研究。

In the Wei,Jin,Sui and Tang Dynasties,the educational activities of monastic studies mainly refer to the monastery enlightenment,preaching,teaching with monks gathered together and the acquisition and research activities related to the translation of Buddhist scriptures. Buddhist monastic study in this period has distinct religious functions and shares similarities with other kinds of education. Firstly,its teaching method was deeply influenced by secular schools,especially the folk vocational schools and mentoring trainee activities. Secondly,its teaching content includes various secular knowledge and skills,covering from the enlightenment to the various stages of preliminary studies. Finally,both monks and a large number of believers benefited from the monastic teaching and the monks＇ preaching. On the basis of this understanding,Buddhist monastic studies deserve further attention and researches because of the rapid increase of monasteries since the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the huge number of monks trained by the monastery and intercultural believers affected by the monastery,because monastic studies have religious function and communicate the equality concept of Buddhism in China and because monastic studies have a special position in the inheriting system of the knowledge and roles in disintegrating the powerful family system and advancing the national integration.