清代内地弓箭、鸟枪在达斡尔、鄂温克人众间的传播及影响

A Study on the Spread of Bow,Arrow and Harquebus to Daur and Ewenki in the Qing Dynasty as well as Its Influence

有清一代,通过朝廷配给制式装备,以及直接赴京城等地采买等途径,内地的角弓、铁镞、鸟枪等武器迅速在黑龙江驻防八旗的达斡尔、鄂温克人中间流行开来,成为其从事狩猎生产的主要工具。由于长期使用过程中的经验积累,加之受各牛录内专职匠人的设立、周邻满汉官兵引导等因素的影响,上述各种武器的修造技术亦在达斡尔、鄂温克人众间有一定传播。新式狩猎工具所带来的生产效率提高,使得个体家庭的单独近猎及季节性的小组远狩成为两族狩猎生产的主导性经营模式,传统的大规模集体围猎则渐被淘汰。

Horn bows, iron arrowheads, and harquebuses were widely spread in Daur and Ewenki people who belonged to Heilongjiang Eight Banners garrison in the Qing Dynasty. In this process, the technology of repairing and manufacturing those tools also were spread in this area. Because of the use of those efficient shooting tools, individual hunting became popular, while traditional large-scale tribal hunting gradually disappeared.