认同·争议·命运——共和国初期国营企业实施“一长制”述论

Identification,Disputation and Destiny:A Review of "One-man Leadership System" for State-owned Enterprises in the Early People's Republic of China

在工业企业中实行"一长制"管理是由列宁最早提出的。受苏联影响,中共在苏区时期即在公营企业实施带有"一长制"性质的厂长负责制。中华人民共和国成立后,在东北地区的国营企业中率先推行了这一管理制度,其他地方多实行党委领导下的厂长负责制。1953年有计划地大规模经济建设开始后,中央要求建立健全生产管理上的厂长负责制,但未能全面落实,到中共八大时被党委领导下的厂长负责制所取代。究其原因主要在于:党内高层对"一长制"不认同;"一长制"与中共的集体领导历史传统相抵触;党政职能不分导致党的政治领导与厂长的行政负责关系的认识错位;还与中国提出以苏为鉴,走自己的路及高、饶事件的影响有关。

＂one-man leadership system＂with the nature of system of overall responsibility in industrial enterprises was proposed by Lenin.Influenced by the Soviet Union,this system was popular in the period of the Central Soviet Area.After foundation of China the system was firstly implemented in state-owned enterprises in North-East China,paralleled with system of overall responsibility by factory manager under leadership of Party committee in other areas.After the start of large-scale planned economic construction in 1953,the central government commanded to strengthen system of overall responsibility by factory manager on production management which was unsuccessfully implemented and substituted by system of overall responsibility by factory manager under the leadership of party committee.Its failure owing to four factors：the unidentification of leadership on＂One-man Leadership System＂;＂One-man Leadership System＂was contradicted to collective leadership;the undivided function between party and government leaded to wrong relationship cognition between party political leadership and factory manager＇s responsibility on administration;China＇s guildline of absorbing in experience of Soviet Union yet go his own road and the influence of the Gao Gang and Rao Shushi events.