十六国时代苻、姚部族集团的历史变迁--以叛乱史为线索的考察

The Historical Transitions of the Fu(苻) and Yao(姚)'s Tribal-Groups in the Age of Sixteen Kingdoms——A Study By the Clue of Rebellion History

十六国前秦、后秦政权的前身苻氐、姚羌集团在草创时期即表现出"姚强苻弱"的实力差异,经历西晋、汉赵时期而始终未改。石氏后赵一统华北、将关中人口大规模迁徙关东的偶然契机,方使苻洪集团摆脱了过往的劣势情境,并在参与后赵讨伐段辽的战争中因战勋获得政治地位的巨大抬升。苻氐实力的膨胀与后赵统治圈的猜忌逐渐交织在一起,另一方面姚羌集团虽然在东迁之初为苻氐所超越,但经由与统治者长期合作关系的建立,得以始终在后赵政治秩序中占有名义上的优势地位。两大集团长期处于或明或暗的竞争状态,石虎末年、石赵内乱的两个阶段,是二集团在政治上与赵政权充满着多维互动与博弈的时期。由于集团性格与政治立场的不同,苻、姚在此时的抉择也表现出截然相异的特质,并深远地影响了此后前、后秦国家的历史进程。

During the pioneer days of former Qin （built by tribe of Di 氐） and Later Qin （built by tribe of Qiang 羌） Dynasties, there is a difference between their predecessors： Qiang＇ s general strength is much better than Di. And this status went through the Dynasties of West Jin to Han Zhao without change until the coming of Later Zhao times. Later Zhao reunited northern China, and carried out a mass population migration from west to the east. The Di group became to boom in this time, and they gained sharply increase of political status by military exploit. Nevertheless, the suspicion of imperial household also began to appear meanwhile. On the other hand, although Qiang＇ s preponderance of strength had been overtaken by Di, they still occupied higher position through the long political cooper- ation with Later Zhao regime. Since then the two groups kept up a long-standing competition. The twilight of Emperor Shi Hu reign, and the civil strife times of Later Zhao are two crucial periods about the groups above who interacted and made game-playing with imperial regime. Because of different political characters and positions, the two leaders Fu（苻洪） and Yao（姚弋仲） of their groups chose the con- trary paths respectively, which profoundly influenced the course of former Qin and Later Qin＇ s history.