道德个人的生成路径——基于涂尔干与鲍曼社会理论的分析

The Formation of Moral Individual——Based on the Analysis of Durkheim and Bauman

自孔德以降,社会秩序成为社会学者所关注的核心问题之一。虽然解释社会的角度不同,但都意识到现代社会是一个高度个体化的社会,"社会秩序何以可能"的发问方式也逐渐转变为"如何在高度个体化时代实现社会团结",即在当前的社会条件下如何建构现代个人。涂尔干对社会团结的有机想象,本质是现代社会在何种程度上为道德个人主义产生提供了可能以及在现代社会是否可以进行道德自我的建构。鲍曼则从"他者"哲学出发,以后现代的视角分析在现代社会中实现道德自我的可能性,借此消除个体对不确定生活的恐惧,寻求精神上的"皈依",最终实现个体自治与社会团结。因此,涂尔干和鲍曼的道德自我生成路径含有现代社会道德个人进行深度建构以及在道德自我的基础上如何实现社会团结的可能性。

Since Comte, sociologists have always focused on a core question the social order. Although they explain the society from different perspectives, a highly individualized society has formed. Hence, the question gradually changes from ＂how the social order becomes possible＂ to ＂how to achieve the union of the whole in the highly individualized society＂. And the latter means that how to be a modem individual under the condition of today＇ s society. On the one hand, Durkheim＇ s organic solidarity is about to what extent do offer the feasibility for the moral individualism and whether can run the construction of the moral self in the modem society？ On the other hand, in order to attain individual autonomy and social solidarity, first Bauman puts for- ward for the individual altruism by interaction with others, and then he, from the postmodem perspective, makes clear how to realize the possibility of moral self in the modem society. These views can reason individu- als out of fears, they are unsure about what life will be like, and seek for a spiritual sustenance. Therefore, the paper is aimed at the analysis of Durkheim and Bauman about the formation of moral individual to discuss how the social solidarity comes true in modem society by the built possibility of moral individual and on the basis of moral self.