河南省芝麻育种成果回顾与展望

Review and Prospect of Sesame Breeding Achievements in Henan Province

从产量、品质、农艺性状、选育方法及系谱来源等方面对河南省历年审定(鉴定)通过的67个芝麻品种进行了分析和总结,从中找出芝麻育种中存在的问题,以期为河南省的芝麻育种科研发展方向提供依据。结果表明:河南省育成芝麻品种的平均产量水平从914.81 kg/hm^2上升到1 307.29 kg/hm^2,促进了河南省芝麻生产水平从381.60 kg/hm^2提高到1 422.16 kg/hm^2;品质方面整体提高不大,粗脂肪含量从55.54%提高到56.75%;农艺性状方面也由分枝、晚熟类型向单秆、早熟类型演变。育种方法简单、亲本来源单一、遗传基础狭窄是河南省芝麻育种的现状,今后利用现代生物技术与传统的芝麻育种方法相结合,选育出具有高产、优质、早熟、闭蒴、有限生长等性状并适合机械化生产的芝麻品种,将是河南省乃至全国芝麻育种的主攻方向。

In order to provide the basis and reference for the development of sesame breeding and research in Henan Province,this paper reviewed and summarized the achievements of sesame breeding in Henan Province,and found out the problems existing in sesame breeding. In this paper,67 sesame varieties which were examined and approved over the past decades in Henan province were analyzed from the aspects of yield,quality,agronomic characters,breeding methods and pedigree sources. The results showed that the average yield level of sesame varieties increased from 914. 81 kg/ha to 1 307. 29 kg/ha,promoting the sesame production level from 381. 60 kg/ha to 1 422. 16 kg/ha in Henan province. The overall quality characters improved a little,with the fat content increased from 55. 54% to 56. 75%. And the evolution of agronomic traits was from the branched,late-matured types to the single-culmed,early-matured types. The current status of sesame breeding in Henan province mainly embodied in simple breeding methods,single parental origin and the narrow genetic base of sesame varieties. Combining traditional breeding methods with modern biological technology,developing diffierent types of sesame varieties with high yield,good quality,early maturity,cleistocarp,determinate growth traits and suitable for mechanized production,will be the main direction of sesame breeding in Henan province and even the whole country.