曾国藩的阅读之道——正旁、看读之别以及汉宋兼采的学术旨归

Zeng Guofan's Reading Theory

曾国藩酷爱读书,积累了丰富的选书、读书理论。选书区别"买书"与"看书",再分"正者"与"旁者",选目或参考韩愈、柳宗元、王念孙王引之父子,或者结合义理、词章、经济、考据"四学",其根本则在于"守约之道"。"看、读、写、作"的读书四法,"看"为泛读,"读"为精读,"读"又有"高声朗诵"与"密咏恬吟"之别,还当结合"虚心涵泳""切己体察";"写、作"即札记与策论,将所读之书深思、贯通。专门的读《汉书》指南,则强调"小学训诂"与"古文辞章"作为基础。其阅读理论背后有汉宋兼采的学术旨归,也是晚清学术思潮的反映。

Zeng Guofan has a passion for reading and has accumulated rich theories about selecting and reading books. The principle of his selecting books includes the principle of buying and reading books. We must make a clear distinction between primary and secondary relations while reading books. When we select catalogues of books,we can refer to Han Yu,Liu Zongyuan,Wang Niansun and Wang Yinzhi＇s principles of selecting books or we can also combine connotation and viewpoint,poetry and prose,administration and pragmatism,and textual research. Anyway,its fundament is to master the method of selecting books. Four steps in reading are extensive reading,intensive reading,copying and writing. Reading includes reading aloud and crooning. We should be modest in the connotation and apperceive ourselves. Copying is making notes and writing is writing argumentative essays. That is to say,we should think deeply about and sort out what we have learned. Especially reading Hanshu,which emphasizes explanations of words in ancient books and classical style of writing. The academic background of Zeng Guofan＇s reading theory is learning the principle of combining the Han School and the Song School,which also reflects the academic trend of thought in the late Qing Dynasty.