三种职业健康风险评估方法在小型家具制造企业的应用研究

A comparative study on the application of different methods of occupation health risk assessment in small furniture manufacturing industry

目的比较三种职业健康风险评估方法在小型家具制造企业的适用性。方法选择浙江省某市一家小型家具制造企业,应用美国环境保护署(EPA)吸入风险评估法、新加坡化学物质职业暴露半定量风险评估法和澳大利亚职业健康与安全风险评估法开展风险评估,比较评估结果。结果美国EPA风险评估结果显示,备料、拼接、组装、喷漆和打磨等岗位苯和甲醛的致癌风险均为低风险,各岗位苯、二甲苯的非致癌风险均为极高风险;新加坡风险评估结果显示,备料和打磨岗位的木粉尘所致健康风险为高风险,各岗位甲苯和二甲苯的健康风险均为低到中等风险;澳大利亚风险评估结果显示,各岗位甲苯和二甲苯的健康风险为中等风险,苯、木粉尘、噪声均为重大健康风险。三种方法的风险比值均高于有毒作业分级比值(P<0.01),美国EPA风险评估的风险比值高于新加坡和澳大利亚风险评估的风险比值(P<0.05)。结论美国EPA、新加坡和澳大利亚风险评估方法均能评估小型家具制造企业的关键风险控制点,多种风险评估方法联合应用可作为风险评估策略之一。

Objective To compare the applicability of different occupational health risk assessment methods in small furniture manufacturing industry. Methods American EPA inhalation risk model, Singapore semi-quantitative risk assessment model of occupational exposure to chemical substances and Australian Occupational Health and Safety Risk Assessment model,were used to assess the occupational health risk in a small furniture manufacturing industry from a city of Zhejiang Province. Results The results of American EPA model showed that the workers who exposed to benzene and formaldehyde had low risk of carcinogens,and who exposed to benzene and xylene had very high risk of non-carcinogens.According to Singapore semi-quantitative risk assessment model, there were low and medium health risk caused by toluene and xylene,and high risk caused by wood dust in preparation and polishing jobs. Similar to the results of other models, Australia qualitative risk assessment model showed that there were medium health risk caused by toluene and xylene,and high risk caused by benzene,wood dust and noise. All of the three methods could found the key risk control point in furniture manufacturing industry. The risk ratios of the three methods were higher than the toxic work classification ratio（P〈0.01）,and the risk ratio of EPA model were higher than the results of Singapore model and Australia model（P〈0.05）. Conclusion All of the three methods can be applied to assess the occupational health risk in furniture manufacturing industry,and the combined application of multiple risk assessment methods can be used as one of the risk assessment strategies.