从马斯洛需求理论看学生的“应试”动机

An Analysis of Students' Examination-oriented Motivation Based on Maslow's Needs Theory

在分析应试教育问题时,学生往往只被认为是应试教育结果的被动承受者,但与此同时,学生也是应试教育现象的主动施行者,他们的"应试"动机与"应试"行为巩固了应试教育的链条。从马斯洛需求理论来看,安全感、自尊感、荣誉感、归属感和自我效能感等感受属于人的基本需求,并在此基础上影响人的行为选择。在"应试"取向的社会文化中,父母往往会对子女在学业成绩上的优良表现给予奖赏,给子女带来安全感;老师对成绩优良的学生有更多的关注和肯定,满足了学生的自尊感和荣誉感;成绩出众的学生在同伴群体中更容易获得好的人缘和威信,从而有更强的集体归属感和自我效能感。基于此,向成绩优秀的"好学生"靠拢成为学生努力"应试"争取高分的重要动机。然而,从学生身心长远发展的角度考虑,他们的基本需求应当有多种实现的渠道,而不应被当作强迫学生"应试"的工具,只有当家长和老师们意识到这一点并给予学生平等、充足的关爱,学生的学习才可能实现更多"应试"之外的意义。

When it comes to comments on examination-oriented education,students are merely regarded as the bearers of examination-oriented education system＇s abuses in general.However,students are meanwhile the formers of examination-oriented phenomenon,which is to say,their examination-oriented behaviors and motivations consolidate the examination-oriented education system. According to the Abramham·Maslow＇s needs theory,the senses of security,self-esteem,belongingness and efficacy are basic needs for human being,which have a considerable effect on people＇s choices.Under the examination-oriented culture,parents are inclined to appreciate children＇s excellent achievement in exam,which makes children feel secure.Simultaneously,teachers tend to pay more attention and praise on students who have high grades,which makes them have a sense of honor and self-esteem.Moreover,those high score students are usually more pupolar and prestigious among peers.Based on all of above,to prove to be ＂excellent student＂ turns into a kind of important motivation for students to struggle to get higher score by examination-oriented training.However, for the sake of students＇ physical and mental development in a long term,the basic needs for students are supposed to have various ways to meet,rather than taken as means of enforcing them to endeavor for exams.It is only when the parents and teachers are aware of this while giving students rich and equal love that the learning of students can be endowed with more meaning instead of examination-oriented meaning.