基于Miami模型的西北干旱半干旱地区灌溉用水效果评价——以甘宁蒙为例

Analysis of irrigation water using efficiency in arid and semi-arid areas in northwest China based on Miami model

文中基于西北地区甘宁蒙三省区213个农户的种植生产调查资料,通过气候生产力模型中的Miami模型估算调研地区考虑区域气候差异的作物需水量,对采用覆膜滴灌、滴灌、喷灌、地下管灌、覆膜漫灌及不覆膜漫灌方式种植春玉米、向日葵的节水效果和用水效率进行分析。研究结果表明:调研地区不同灌溉方式下春玉米、向日葵的节水效果和用水效率差异较大,均呈由覆膜滴灌,滴灌,喷灌,覆膜漫灌,到地下管灌及不覆膜漫灌递减的趋势。高效节水灌溉技术具有高效用水和高产值的"双高"特点,而传统漫灌方式在节水和增效方面具有潜在的提升空间。最后围绕农田灌溉节水与农民增收的"双赢"目标,提出加强高效节水灌溉技术配套设施建设、倡导农业适度规模经营、选择高效节水型作物及进一步完善水权及水市场制度等政策建议。

By employing Miami model, we measured the crop＇ s real water demand including various regional cli- mate differences. Based on the 213 farmers＇ production data in China＇ s northwest Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mon- golia provinces and the crop s real water demand in these regions, we analyzed the water - saving effect and wa- ter - use efficiency of planting corn and sunflower under different irrigation methods. Different irrigation methods had different performances in water- saving effect and water- use efficiency, which decreased from drip irriga- tion with plastic film mulching, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, underground pipe irrigation, flooding with plastic film mulching to traditional flooding. The high efficiency water - saving technology performed good in the two effects, while the traditional flooding needed to improve. Based on the ＂ win - win＂ goals of water - saving and farmers＇ income increasing, we put forward a few suggestions including promoting the application of high ef- ficiency water - saving technology, promoting agricultural appropriate scale, planting low water demand crops and further improving the water rights and water market system.