何种分离?谁之命运?——一项关于分离运动概念的梳理

What Kind of Secession?Whose Destiny?A Trimming Research of the Concept of Secession Movement

随着理论与实践的发展,分离运动的初始概念(外围分离、中心分离)被任意引申和无限扩展,引申概念如内部分离、脱离母国加入他国,扩展概念如去殖民地化运动、脱离国际组织等。概念的泛化导致概念之间的不可通约,因而也就无法在治理分离运动时对症下药。要真正理解分离运动的概念需要从源头上着手,将分离主义视为次民族主义(族群主义),分离运动视为民族主义运动的变种,因而也就将分离运动追溯至民族国家的建立,将分离运动视为民族国家建设的副产品。理解了这一前提,通过考察分离运动的前提性条件(民族国家持续有效的统治)、限制性条件(分离族群寻求政治自主性)、排除性条件(分离运动是退出而不是呼吁)、结果性条件(分离运动最终结果要在具体国家情境下考察),考察分离运动中中央—地方、中心—边缘、主体—少数、国际—国内、宗教—宗教(世俗)等关系,将分离运动定义为聚居于固有领土基础上的少数族群(极个别情况下是主体族群)从民族国家退出以建立新的主权国家的政治与社会运动。正是在这个意义上可以认为,分离运动是民族国家建设尚未完成的表现。

With the development of theory and practice,the initial concept of secession movement(peripheral secession,central secession)has been extended and expanded arbitrarily:internal secession and leaving the existing state to join another one are the extended concept,and decolonization and withdrawing from the international organization are the expanded concepts.The concept generalization makes them incommensurable and therefore cannot act appropriately to the situation.To truly understand the concept of secession movement,we need to get back to its source.We hold that the secessionism is the sub-nationalism(ethnic nationalism),and that secession movement is the variant of nationalist movement.Thus,the secession movement could be traced back to the establishment of nation-state,and the secession movement is the byproduct of nation-state building.Against this background,by investigating its prerequisite condition(nation states sustain direct and effective rule),restrictive condition(seceding groups seek to gain political autonomy),preclusive condition(secession movement is exit,not voice),consequential condition(the final result of the secession movement should be investigated in the specific context),and its inner relationships such as central-regional,central-periphery,majority-minority,domestic-international,and religionary-religionary(secular),this article defines secession movement as a political and social movement that concentrated minority ethnic group(in rare case is majority ethnic group)secedes from the existing nation-state to establish its own new sovereign state.It is in this sense that secession movement is the unfinished manifestation of nation-state building.