国家海外利益保护机制论析

On the Design of Mechanisms for Overseas Interest Protection:Concepts,Dilemmas and Guidelines

建设海外利益保护机制已成为国家战略。从事这项工作应区分海外利益在境外公民安全保护和新型国家利益建构两个语境下的不同内涵,认识到海外利益的地域、物质和复合主体属性。全球化和国民跨境迁移打破了传统国家自主、自助、自足的形态,国籍国安保资源用于境外利益时不仅效用降低,而且和东道国存在管辖权冲突。国籍国在海外利益保护中面临着效用困境、合作困境和法理困境。为此,海外利益保护的机制设计需发挥制度在配置资源、界定权责、承载价值上的作用,坚持有效性、公平性和合法性原则,整合国籍国与东道国、境外国民三方主体的资源优势,顾及东道国的受益度和机会成本,创造性地遵守国际法原则,协调国家间的正义观差异,并确保保护措施在国际社会中的正外部效应。

The construction of mechanisms for overseas interest protection has been among China’s major national strategies.To serve this purpose,there is a need to define the concept of overseas interests,detect major factors which make overseas interest protection important and difficult,and work out countermeasures to existing protection dilemmas.This article contrasts the national strategy of'the protection of overseas nationals and assets'with the national strategy of'the development of new national interests'so as to clarify the connotation of the concept of overseas interests.It also reviews the reciprocal development of Westphalian sovereignty and globalization which accounts for the existence of overseas interest protection dilemma.This article finds that the concept of overseas interests in the context of overseas interest protection is distinguished by its territorial relevance,physical property,and dual-subject attribute.The increasingly frequent cross-border migration in a relatively stable international system dominated by Westphalian sovereignty doctrine decreases the availability of nationstates’security resources for national interests overseas.As a result,home countries always face the problem of utility dilemma,cooperation dilemma and jurisdiction dilemma in terms of overseas interest protection.A home country’s endeavor to design overseas interest protection mechanisms should adhere to the principles of effectiveness,fairness and legitimacy,integrate the comparative advantages of the home country,overseas nationals and the host country in security resources,and achieve an equitable balance between all parties’expected interests and opportunity costs in related matters.It should also comply with international norms in a more constructive way,reconcile the different conceptions of justice among relevant jurisdictions,and ensure the positive externalities of its protective measures to the international community.