清代屯垦与乌鲁木齐行政中心的形成

The Cultivation of Qing Dynasty and the Formation of Urumqi as Administrative Center

清朝统一新疆后,非常重视以屯垦促进新疆发展,由此带动了新疆行政格局的变迁,并最终促成乌鲁木齐行政中心的形成。乾隆统一新疆后,改变了汉唐以来"重南轻北"的治疆格局,以伊犁作为新疆的军政中心,同时在天山北路伊犁、乌鲁木齐、巴里坤等地开展了大规模、多种形式的屯垦活动,并逐渐发展成为新疆重要的经济重心。但是,随着19世纪后期沙俄割去西北大片土地,伊犁经济社会发展被严重破坏,新疆的行政中心被迫向东部条件较好的乌鲁木齐转移;在新疆行政中心"北移"和"东转"的同时,新疆对地方的治理模式也由"多元"向"一元"转变。光绪十年(1884)新疆建省后,以乌鲁木齐为行政中心的省、府、州、县一元治理模式代替了原来的"札萨克制""伯克制""郡县制"等多元治理形式,奠定了近代以来新疆行政治理格局的基础。

After the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang, it attached great importance to the development ofXinjiang by cultivationthus leading the change of administrative structure in Xinjiang and finally leading tothe formation of Urumqi as administrative center. In the reign of Emperor Qianlongthe central governmentregarded Ili prefecture as a military and political centerand carried out military reclamation activities inlarge scale and in a variety of forms along the Tianshan Mountains爷north slopewhich changed thegovernance pattern in Xinjiang of valuing south more than north areasince the Han and Tang Dynasties.So the economic and political focus of Xinjiang was moving to the north area of Tianshan Mountains andIliUrumqi and Barkol became important areas for inland immigrants settlements. But in the late nineteenthcenturyRussia invaded and obtained huge tracts of land in northwest of Xinjiangand Ili prefecture startedto become an isolated city exposed to the western border region. As a resultthe political center ofXinjiang was coerced to shift to eastern Urumqi.With the military and political focus moving northandshifting eastthe local governance mode of Xinjiang also changed frommultiple modeltosingle model.It varied from multiple governance forms includingJasagh SystemBurke Systemand Prefecture Systemto a paradigm including provincesprefectures and counties. Especially after establishing Xinjing province in1884it was in accordance with inland provincial institutionslaying a good foundation of political landscapein Xinjiang since modern times.