基于程序的清代地方救灾结构分析——以晋东南地方志为中心的考察

Analysis of Local Disaster Relief Program in the Qing Dynasty——Based on the Local Chronicles of Jindongnan

中国古代救灾制度发展到明清时代,已经形成了一套包括报灾、勘灾、审户、赈济等环节的较为完善的救灾程序,这些制度保证了救灾的规范有序和行之有效。从晋东南方志记录的情况来看,虽然程序的规范对于提高救灾水平和防止腐败提供了制度保障,但同时,机械、刻板的程序也影响救灾的效率,对此,地方官员在救灾实践中不拘成法,因地制宜地积极应对,在程序与效率中寻找动态的平衡。此外,面对灾害,政府部门常常难以作出迅速的反应,这里既有政治生态的问题,同时也存在通讯交通不畅及其它复杂的情势,但归根结底关键是人的问题。救灾实践证明,若能做到防患未然则胜于亡羊补牢。

The ancient Chinese disaster relief system had already developed into a complete relief program during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,including reporting and supervising disasters,checking household registration,and relieving refugees,etc.It was these systems that made the relief work orderly and effective.According to the local chronicles of Jindongnan,these procedure regulations provided institutional guarantee for improving relief work and preventing corruption,but the mechanical and inflexible procedures affected the efficiency of disaster relief.In view of this,the local governments tried to find out some measures adjusted to local conditions in their relief practice.In addition,the historical records reflect that local governments often had difficulty making immediate response to disasters,which didn＇t only result from political environmental problems,but also from poor communications and bad traffic.However,disaster relief practice shows that it is more desirable to take preventive measures than lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen.