移情的道德叙事与论域检视——以斯洛特移情道德学说为中心的考察

Checking the Scope of the Moral Narrative of Empathy—— Focus on Slote'empathy morality

迈克尔·斯洛特将"移情"这一心理学的热门概念援入道德领域,系统论证了一种强调"移情"在道德生活中起普遍决定作用的道德学说。但人类这种较为普遍的移情能力并非完满无缺,它自身存在诸多难以克服且与生俱来的缺陷,移情在道德领域并非具有如斯洛特所认为的那种普遍适用性和最终决定性,斯洛特移情道德学说的叙事范围与理论论阈需要认真检视。其一,基于"冷-暖移情"难以在旁观者与行为者之间建立起可靠的道德评价关系;其二,移情的"利他本性"很大程度上忽视了"自我移情"的重要性;其三,移情并不能提供斯洛特所认为的那种普遍道德解释能力。虽然斯洛特极力证明移情是一种较之理性主义更具道德优越性的"不证自明"的道德能力,但显然仅靠冷暖移情这种经验反应机制难以满足道德判断的实际需求,其道德有效性和移情机制有待进一步验证与完善。如若置这些难题于全然不顾,斯洛特以移情作为普遍道德基础的理论抱负更加难以实现。

Micheal Slote aided empathy which an popular concept in psychology into moral realm,and he systematically developed an moral theory that emphasized the key role of empathy in moral life.But there are a lot of natural defects that are hard to overcome in the transference human capacity,then the corresponding theoretical challenge coming into the moral realm.So the Scope of the Slote＇empathy morality need Checking carefully.Firstly,based on the‘cold-warm empathy＇can＇t establish a reliable moral evaluation relationship between the bystander and the actor.Secondly,attaches great importance to the‘altruistic empathy＇and neglecting the‘Self-empathy＇.Thirdly,empathy cann＇t provide an universal moral interpretation.Although Slote attempt to prove the empathy is a kind of‘self-evident＇moral ability which better than ration,we have to admit that this empirical response mechanism is difficult to meet the actual needs of moral judgments,its moral validity and transference mechanism need further verification and improvement.If Slote ignores these problems,his target which put the universal moral foundation on empathy is more difficult to achieve.