农业劳动力价格上升对中国苹果生产要素投入结构的影响

Influence of Agricultural Labor Price Rising on Chinese Apple Production Factors Input Structure

采用1990—2014年苹果的成本收益及价格数据,通过超越对数成本函数和成本份额函数模型,计算中国苹果的生产要素需求弹性及Allen和Morishima替代弹性。研究结果发现:在苹果生产过程中,劳动力和化肥需求缺乏弹性,机械需求富有弹性;1990—2002年,各主产区劳动力和机械整体表现为互补关系,在2003—2014年时转变为替代关系,苹果的劳动力——机械替代弹性小于粮食作物;机械和化肥都能在一定程度上替代劳动力,其中机械对劳动力的替代效果最强。根据结果,建议促进苹果各生产环节省力化机械技术的研发,通过适当的农机购置补贴降低机械价格促进机械技术的推广,能够缓解苹果生产成本的上升,减少化肥施用量,增强苹果的竞争力。

Using cost,benefit and price data in Chinese apple production from 1990 to 2014,we calculated Allen and Morishima elasticities of substitution among Chinese apple production factors based on the translog cost function and input cost share functions. The results showed that labor and fertilizer are inelastic inputs while machinery inputs are elastic in apple production. Labor and machinery were found to be complementary from 1990 to 2002,which became substitutional from 2003 to 2014.The elasticity of substitution between labor and machinery in apple production is lower than that in crops production. Both machinery and fertilizer can substitute labor,and the machinery is a better substitute. Promoting the research of labor-saving mechanical technology,and proper machinery purchases can accelerate mechanization,ease the rise of apple production cost,reduce fertilizer inputs,and enhance the competitiveness of Chinese apples.