斯韦泽案:美国联邦最高法院学术自由判决第一案

The Sweezy Case:the First Case Judgment on Academic Freedom by the Supreme Court of United States

斯韦泽案是20世纪50年代冷战时期美国联邦最高法院真正介入学术自由的第一案。通过梳理和分析斯韦泽案的案件过程及其引发的公共舆论对判决的影响,发现斯韦泽案件的判决依据是模糊的、存在争议的,引发了不少对斯韦泽案的误读。为此,应从以沃伦为主导的多数意见和以法兰克福特为主导的附带意见两个方面来澄清斯韦泽案的判决依据,解释引发误读的原因。斯韦泽案推动了美国大学教授协会和联邦最高法院就学术自由制度、合法性等方面的首次对话,拓展了学术自由主体的法理阐释范围,为学术自由在美国宪法权利中的证成迈出了重要的一步,但对它在美国学术自由史上的地位及影响需要客观评价,不应过度夸大其对学术自由宪法权利诠释的作用。

The Sweezy Case during the Cold War of the United States in the 1950 swas the first case in which the Supreme Court of the United States was truly involved in academic freedom.By sorting out and analyzing the process of Sweezy Case and the impact of the public opinion on the judgment,the author holds that the grounds of judgment in the Sweezy Case was ambiguous and controversial,which has led to a lot of misreading to the case.Therefore,the judgment ground of the case should be clarified and the cause of the misreading should be interpreted by referring to the Warren-led plurality opinions and the Frankfurt-led concurring opinions.The Sweezy Case promoted the first dialogue between the American Association of University Professors and the Supreme Court on the academic freedom system and legitimacy,and extended the scope of the legal interpretation of the subject of academic freedom,which is considered as an important step towards the justification of academic freedom in the constitutional rights of the United States.The status and impact of the Sweezy Case in the history of American academic freedom need to be evaluated objectively;but the role of Sweezy Case in the interpretation of the legal rights to academic freedom should not be exaggerated.