洛克的自然状态学说与教育思想

John Locke's Ideas about Natural State and His Educational Thoughts

洛克的全部思想奠基于他所设想的自然状态学说。洛克认为,人在自然状态中拥有一系列的自然权利,包括自由、平等、财产权、自然法的执行权等,并遵循人的舒适的自我保存、不侵犯他人等自然法则。在这种人性论的基础上,洛克重新解读了政府的目的、政治权力的起源和范围等问题,与此同时,也构建起了他的教育体系。一方面,为了实现他的人性假说,洛克需要谨慎地处理人渴望自由的欲望与控制他人的欲望之间的矛盾,因而他采用了一系列的教育手段,其中最为核心的是建立权威和利用人的爱好名誉的欲望;另一方面,洛克尤为注重培养儿童在社会中寻求舒适的自我保存的诸多方式,德行、智慧、教养和学问的培养即指向此目标。

John Locke’s idea about natural state is the foundation of all his other thoughts.In his assumption,man has some natural rights in his natural state,including liberty,equality and property and the executive power of natural law etc.;man should follow the natural laws of comfortable self-preservation and no violation to others,etc.Based on such theory in human nature,Locke re-interpreted the aim of government,the origin and scope of the political powers,and formed his own educational thoughts.On the one hand,in order to apply his assumption on human nature,Locke needed to deal with the contradiction between man’s desire for freedom and desire for domination carefully.Locke therefore adopted a series of educational means,among which the core was to establish authority and to make use of people’s desire for fame.On the other hand,Locke attached great attention to help children develop abilities to preserve themselves comfortably in society;Locke built an educational system which includes virtue,wisdom,cultivating and learning of knowledge to serve the aim.